Implant tractable ID chips in newborn babies Essay

Our company’s idea to implant tractable ID chips in newborn babies offers a revolutionary approach to effectively combat the high incidences of abductions of newborns and children, a menace against which eve police forces are finding themselves helpless. Once the chip is placed within children, their every movement can be traced to exactitude using the GPRS technology, making their abduction and subsequent hiding a practically impossible task. Apart from this, these IDs would act as a database for these children, containing their relevant medical, physiological and personal details, with provisions of constant upgrades. Thus doctors needs to only access children’s ID to know their history of previous medical complications and treatments, police officers can easily trace parents of a lost child and parents can keep constant vigil on the movement of their children even from their workplace. However, there are many exacting complications in successful rollout of this idea. It can be safely assumed that this concept would come under severe moral, ethical, and religious censure through the entire world. Many, if not all, would form organizations and international groups to canvass on social and legal platforms against our proposal to ‘tag’ human infants, and doubts would be raised on even our integrity, commitment and sanity. Moreover, the thrust of objection and criticism is likely to come from our own scientific intelligentsia, religious and spiritual gurus, intellectuals and similar eminent personalities. These estimated objections and criticism are hardly a surprising possibility, given world’s historical anathema against every new scientific invention or discovery, any path-breaking medicinal technology, or even against any idea that appeared contrary to its set of framed ideas and concepts. History is replete with evidences that from the time of Archimedes to modern day age of cloning, people have always approached every major scientific and technological breakthrough with skepticism, incredulity and more than often, downright hostility. We can see how strong the sentiments ran when Copernicus presented the theory that its Sun that is at center of solar system, and not moon and that world is sphere shaped, against what world had been led to believe (Hall, 1954). Later Galileo was humiliated by Roman Church on the same issue. We further see the way almost entire educated western society rose against Charles Darwin for his theory of evolution through natural selection and the stringent social and religious criticism he was subjected to (Hall, 1954). Even Einstein, one of the greatest human brains of all times, was not spared from hostile criticism and rejection when he denied the existence of gravity in his general theory of relativity (Hawkins, 1988). Technological innovations and many scientific inventions were treated with similar aggressive denial and denunciation. Whether it was construction of railway locomotives, invention of telegraphs and telephones, constructions of dams, introduction of vaccination techniques, advent of contraceptive pills, gene therapy or subject of cloning and stem cell research, a significant section of society always protested and rejected the concept on plethora of supposedly ethical and moral grounds (Thomas, 2005). It is futile to say that each of these innovations contributed to further advancement and growth of human society. The reason of this persistent fear of new technological innovations is that they defy and sometimes even break the existing concepts, perceptions and notions. Often these concepts and perceptions are embedded part of a social culture, and therefore their rejection is construed as a planned attack by scientists and technicians on the very foundation of the culture (Lyne, 2005). We cannot flippantly dismiss their fears, and overlook their arguments just because they happen to contradict our idea. Instead, we need to reach out to people, address their every valid question and dispel their remotest of the doubts related to implant of IDs in newborn babies. My own understanding of the issue says that we should move ahead with project because when people are presented with rational arguments and valid answers to their queries, their gravest arguments turns in staunchest of the support. Indeed, one of their first objections we are likely to face is ethical as well as medical propriety of inserting an unnecessary foreign object in the fragile body of a newborn. But as we maintain, this implant is done for children’s own security and safety. Further, the chip is especially designed in such a way that its implant would cause minimum distress for child and the implant can be done by any surgeon through a very superficial incision. The presence or location of the chip may very well remain unknown to child unless specifically told. Of course, implanting a foreign object in human body in itself is no more an ethical issue, especially after advent of pacemakers and artificial limbs. Rather a valid query may concern the possible radiation effect of the chip on child’s developing body, and whether that this radiation would impede or in any way alter hormonal or chemical composition of the growing child. But as our repeated lab tests and years of experiments have shown, the chip does not interfere with human bio- chemical growth in any way. It stays in the body like a neutral object, deactivated unless recalled for. Even upon activation, the signals emitted by chip are no more harmful than the fields of electromagnetic radiation surrounding us every second of our life. The final debate around our proposed chip would center on moral and ethical issue of tagging children. Is it right to tag children like animals are tagged in zoo and safari and then observed? Further, when these children grow up, they might become uncomfortable with the idea of being watched or remotely tracked for their every movement, and may very likely treat this an infringement of their privacy. But in my opinion, these objections are specious, and deviating from our main issue- that of stopping crime and providing a safe and secure world for children. Parents, and later on Children, may be given the option to remove or manually deactivate the chip, when they start to feel that it is more a burden than as a benefit. However, for that time that it is there, it is the best way to ensure infants are secure, safe and sound under their parent’s, physicians and teacher’s constant observation. It is the best way to completely eliminate the threat of organized abduction industry, and certainly it is the surest way to ensure that no child goes every lost or missing. I would reiterate therefore we should confidently move ahead with this revolutionary idea and usher in the new era of human-technology integration.

Smackey Dog Food

Thea, nice work on the paper! You answered almost every question competently and thoroughly. The only question you might have done better on  is Q10 for more detail on the rules that apply.. Thank you! Worksheet for You Decide Name Thea Zental____ Course Code AC 555_____ Grade ___Date 02/19/2012 Questions: Q1:Discuss how the SEC has influence (if any) over the audit of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. Solution: The SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) has a great influence on the audit of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. , which is conducted by Keller CPAs. When auditing a publicly held company, auditors need to observe principles.The ethical principles of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code of Professional Conduct are independence, responsibilities, the public interest, integrity, objectivity and independence, due care, and scope and nature of services. More specifically, audit team members are required to be objective and independent with regard to the audit by maintaining objectivity and being free of conflicts of interest in discharging professional responsibilities and by being independent in fact and appearance when providing auditing and other attestation services.Through this one can see how influential the SEC is. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, auditors have to be objective and independent otherwise legal sanctions can be incurred. Even though the above mentioned standards are imposed for audits of public companies, they can also be applied to the audit of a non public company like Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. Q2: Discuss the essential activities involved in the initial planning of an audit. How do these all specifically to the Smackey Dog Food client? Solution: First the audit team needs to understand the client’s business and industry.It can be profitable for the audit firm to have experience in having audited other food manufacturer in preparing and performing the audit for Smackey. So far, members of the Audit team, the audit manager Pete and two audit staffers Ben and Maureen, have to understand the client’s business and industry. The next step would be to assess the client’s business risk. Business risk is the risk that measures by how much a company (here: Smackey) will fail to achieve its objectives. In this activity, the audit team assesses the risk of material misstatements arising from Smackey’s business risk.For example, the high wastage in Smackey’s Best Dog division presents a lot of business risk, and therefore material misstatement risk. Following, the audit team will perform preliminary analytical procedures. Keller CPAs needs to compare the performance of Smackey’s with the industry (these are other competitors) to further support its initial assessment of business risk. These analytical procedures help the audit team indentify areas where the risks of misstatement are very high. Next, Keller CPA’s set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk.The Smackey audit team now has to set the acceptable level of materiality. The circumstances of Smackey have to be taken into account in setting materiality level as this level is purely a relative and subject to auditor’s judgment. Then, the audit team is able to develop an overall audit plan and audit program. The audit plan and program aims to achieve the audit risk objectives of the audit team and to provide reasonable assurance and basis for the audit report and opinion. Q3:Discuss the 4 stages of the audit and the major activities performed by the auditor in each phase.Give an example of how each of these specifically applies to the Smackey Dog Food, Inc audit. For instance, examine the apparent internal control weaknesses and possible negative outcome of each. Solution: Stage 1: Planning and Risk assessment – During the planning stage the audit team will need to gain an understanding of the Smackey Dog Foods business and industry. More spe cifically, the design and implementation of the client’s internal control procedures, processes and systems are studied and analyzed for the audit team to be able to assess the control risk for each f the transaction-related audit objective – occurrence, completeness, accuracy, classification, timing and posting and summarization. After this they can assess the risk. The first risk they may want to look at is the control risk by taking a look at how the internal controls system works at Smackey Dog Foods. Stage 2: Test of internal controls – By testing the effectiveness of the internal controls the auditor can determine the control risk that lies within the company.The audit team can perform tests of controls by making inquiries of appropriate client personnel, examining documents, records, and reports maintained by Smackey, observing control-related activities such as the one done for the inventory procedures for returned Best Boy Gourmet dog food, and re-perfo rm the client procedures. Stage 3: Substantive tests of Transactions – The Smackey audit team needs to perform substantive tests on the balances of the accounts receivables and inventory accounts. Moreover, substantive tests can be done through performing substantive tests of transactions, analytical procedures and test of details of balances.By running tests of transactions, which is similar to test of internal controls the auditor will take an invoice but this time verifying the monetary amount of the transaction. Stage 4: Audit Completion – At this stage, the audit team compiles a report to Smackey’s management as regards matters that came to the team’s attention during the audit, evaluates and reviews the audit evidence obtained in the audit, and considers the audit opinion to be issued based on the evidence obtained Q4:Describe Keller CPAs’ responsibilities related to communications regarding internal control matters.What internal controls iss ues do you identify? Solution: According to auditing standards and professional conduct the auditor is required that the auditor relay information, in writing, to management and those charged with governance, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses identified in an audit. The following internal control issues were found as regards the audit for Smackey Dog Food, Inc. and thus have to be communicated to appropriate people within Smackey: 1. Granting of commissions to sales people based on estimated sales.This internal control issue presents risks as regards the company’s financial resources as sales people might be paid for sales not made, and there is no refund process for commissions paid for this type of sale. 2. Segregation of duties as regards the handling of inventory. With only one person assigned with the preparation and approving all inventory records, the changes of material misstatements are high. 3. Lack of control procedures and guidelines in handling ret urned dog foods which presented opportunities wherein employees take home returned items.Lack of control procedures and guidelines in handling and recording accounts receivable. This is much more important now since a major client which represents 31 % of total sales is experience financial difficulty. Moreover, the urgency of these procedures and guidelines is in light of the magnitude of receivables (29 % of total assets). Q5:You decide that you will address Smackey Dog Food, Inc. ’s accounts receivables through confirmations. Discuss the various types of confirmations and what forms you will implement and why. Solution:When auditing there are two types of accounts receivable confirmation, which are positive and negative confirmations. Positive Confirmation – Is a request by the debtor to confirm whether the balance as stated on the request is correct or incorrect. Two types of positive confirmation are blank confirmation form and invoice confirmation. Blank Confirma tion Form – Does not state the amount of the confirmation but requests to either fill the balance in or furnish more information. Invoice Confirmation – This is where instead of an entire account balance being confirmed a single transaction is confirmed.Negative Confirmation – This is when there is a disagreement on the stated balance In relation to Smackey dog foods I would implement an Invoice confirmation based on the info given it seems to be a good place to start confirming balances would to be directly linked to the invoices. Taking into mind the amount of returns and how they would directly affect the invoice that was paid but then returned also means that any money that was made on that invoice has also been returned. Q6:What are the major factors affecting sample size for confirming accounts receivable? Solution:Factors affecting the sample size for confirming accounts receivable are as follows: Tolerable accounts receivable and financial statement miss tatement; Inherent risk, which is dependent on the size of total accounts receivable, the number of accounts, prior-year results, and expected misstatements; Control risk; Achieved detection risk based on other substantive tests; and Type of confirmation. Generally a positive confirmation requires a smaller number of sample sizes. Q7:A major issue in verifying the ending balance in property, plant and equipment is the possibility of legal encumbrances.Discuss what specific concern do you have. Describe the procedures your firm will perform to obtain evidence about existing legal encumbrances. Solution: Here are the procedures that Keller CPAs will need to perform to obtain evidence about existing legal encumbrances include: 1. Inquiry with property, plant and equipment custodians 2. Review of minutes of meetings 3. Review of items noted during property, plant and equipment inventory observations 4. Confirmation of the client’s liabilities 5. Reading and reviewing lease agreem ents 6.Reading and reviewing property, plant and equipment purchase contracts and agreements The above procedures aim to assess whether encumbrances and liens to the property, plant and equipment have been identified and whether property currently pledged as collateral on a loan has not been sold or damaged. Q8:The client wants to know if you will be present at the year-end inventory. What is your decision and why? What role or actions will you take at the inventory if you decide to attend the inventory. Why? Solution: I think it is very important for the audit team to be at the year-end inventory.The reason for this being is that way the audit team can see how Smackey Dog food performs an inventory check. Secondly, they can take part in the inventory themselves by observation, as well as physical checking and counting of the inventory. After deciding to attend I would ask for a copy of the inventory check list and also ask for the ability to check the inventory along with the rest of the team. By gaining a hands on check this will allow the auditors to see if the controls over inventory are working and that the inventory check lists is correct and states all the inventory that Smackey Dog foods has.Q9:Considering the general six functions that make up the inventory and warehousing cycle for Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. , identify the related documents and/or records that would be used. From your analysis of the internal controls related to the inventory and warehousing cycle of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. , what internal control weaknesses exist? Solution: The six general functions that make up the client’s inventory and warehousing cycle are: 1. Processing of purchase orders – purchase requisitions, quotations from suppliers, and purchase orders 2. Receipt of purchased materials – receiving report 3.Storage of materials or inventory – materials requisition form 4. Processing raw materials – job cost sheet, process cost sheets 5. Sto rage of finished goods – sales invoice, sales order form. 6. Shipping finished goods – shipping form and invoices. The internal control weaknesses that exist based on the six functions that make up the warehousing cycle as stated earlier the lack of procedure set for handling the large amount of returned dog food. There is also nothing stating that they record the transaction when the dog food is returned so that could also mean they never took the profit off the books.The other weakness is separation of duties in the warehouse Kim alone has control over inventory, production and shipping. That is too much for one person to handle especially when her attention has been taken by one specific line of food that the company produces. Smackey needs to bring in people to a great extent to help Kim and reduce her workload. By doing this it will also lower the risk that inventory, production or shipping could become misstated. Q10:Discuss if Keller CPAs or its auditors are bre aching any Professional Rules of Conduct and why or why not?Solution: Several things occurred that make me believe yes the Keller CPAs are breaching some of the rules of conduct. One issue that sticks out immediately is Pete and Allen’s relationship. Pete and Allen have actually discussed the audit over a few beers which should not have occurred. This creates a conflict of interest and independence. Another problem that Keller CPAs are faced with is the lack of knowledge of the industry topped with taking on the audit in a crunched time frame to complete it in.By doing this the possibly of the audit team gaining enough knowledge of the industry to perform an audit up to standards in the small time frame is going to be a task in itself. If the audit team had a larger time frame this would be ok but in such a small time frame they won’t be able to spend that much time learning the industry and this could lead to not being able to perform an audit following all audit stan dards. Q11:Discuss the CPA firm’s legal liability concerns for this audit if they make a material unintentional or intentional mistake. Include any other legal liability concerns regarding possible Professional Rule violations.Solution: The CPA firm could face some serious legal consequences if they make an unintentional or intentional mistake. The main liabilities that I see between the audit team and the Smackey Dog Food audit itself is liability to clients, and liability to third parties. Liability to clients – In this case this would be where if the auditors missed any fraud occurring and therefore the client can turn around and sue the Keller audit team. In terms of Smackey Dog Food directly, one area of possible fraud is in the inventory department and the returned inventory area.With the lack of separate of duties and the fact that two employees essentially run the whole inventory department it might not even be intentional fraud it maybe just a misstatement and lack of controls over inventory that caused it. But the auditor needs to discover this to avoid any legal action. Liability to third parties – This occurs if the Keller auditor team fails to find any material misstatements on the financial statements and then the bank would loans Smackey funds, but shortly after Smackey goes bankrupt. This would open up the auditor to be able to be sued by the bank for not catching the misstatements on the financials.

Implementing the Duty of Care in Health and Social Care Essay

Act within own competence and not take on anything not believe we can safely do As a care worker, we owe a duty of care to the people we support, colleagues, employer and ourselves and the public interest. Every one have a duty of care that we cannot opt out of. Peoples we care support should be treated with respect, involved in decision making about their care and treatment and able influence how the service is run. People should receive safe and appropriate care that meets their needs and support their rights. A negligent act could be unintentional but careless or intentional that results in abuse or injury. A negligent act is breaching the duty of care. Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals Our duty of care means that we must aim to provide high quality care to the best of our ability and express if there are any reasons may be unable to do so. Professionals act within duty of care must do what a reasonable person, with their trainin g and background, can be expected to do so. It also connected with the areas of carrying and reviewing of risk assessments, which ensuring elimination of hazards, use of equipments and all health and safety guidelines. Policies and procedures sets clear boundaries in safe guarding in social care setting. The concept of safeguarding, whether it is children or vulnerable adults, is broader than protection. Safeguarding is also about keeping children or vulnerable adults safe from any sort of harm, such as illness, abuse or injury. This means all agencies and families working together and taking responsibility for the safety of children and vulnerable adults, whether it is by promoting health, preventing accidents or protecting children or vulnerable adults who have been abused. It is the staff responsibility in duty of care to safeguard individuals from harm. All employees should report any concerns of abuse they have. These might include evidence or suspicions of bad practice by  colleagues and managers, or abuse by another individual, another worker or an individual’s family or friends. Local authorities have Safeguarding policies and procedures that will be published on their websites or available from their Safeguarding team. Know how to respond to complaints Describe how to respond to complaints Complaint means â€Å"an expression of dissatisfaction that requires a response†. The procedure provides the opportunity to put things right for service users as well as improving services. Dealing with those who have made complaints provides an opportunity to re-establish a positive relationship with the complainant and to develop an understanding of their concerns and needs. Effective complaints handling is an important aspect of clinical and social care governance arrangements and, as such, will help organisations to continue to improve the quality of their services and safeguard high standards of care and treatment. Increased efforts should be made to promote a more positive culture of complaints handling by highlighting the added value of complaints within health and social care and making the process more acceptable/amenable to all. All complaints received should be treated with equal importance regardless of how they are submitted. Complainants should be encouraged to speak openly and freely about their concerns and should be reassured that whatever they may say will be treated with appropriate confidence and sensitivity. Complainants should be treated courteously and sympathetically and where possible involved in decisions about how their complaint is handled and considered. However received, the first responsibility of staff is to ensure that the service user’s immediate care needs are being met. This may require urgent action before any matters relating to the complaint are addressed. Where possible, all complaints should be recorded and discussed with the Complaints Manager in order to identify those that can be resolved immediately, those that will require a formal investigation or those that should be referred outside the HSC Complaints Procedure. Front-line staff will often find the information they gain from complaints useful in improving service quality. This is particularly so for complaints th at have been resolved â€Å"on the spot† and have not progressed through the formal complaints process. Mechanisms for achieving this are best agreed at organisational level. Explain the main  points of agreed procedures for handling complaints The Health and Social Care services recognises that most of our work is involved with supporting people to overcome and manage difficulties or situations in their lives. The aim is to consider all complaints as close to the point of contact as possible, and in many cases staff will be able to respond and resolve these at the time and place that the complaint is made. The Regulations on complaints identify ‘if a complaint is made orally and resolution can be agreed with the client by the end of the next working day’ it does not fall within the regulations and therefore it can be viewed as day-to-day business. Details of such representations managed within service areas should be forwarded to the Complaints Team, this information will assist in the overall departmental learning from complaints. The details of the complaint will also require to be screened to look at the significance of the complaint for the complainant and for the management and to indicate the manner in which it should be dealt with. Factors to be taken into account when screening are: The likelihood of re-occurrence. †° The degree of risk for the individual. The degree of risk for the Department. The views of the complainant. Know how to address conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between an individual’s rights and the duty of care Describe potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individual’s rights The main area of conflicts or dilemma arises is related to the decision making associated to the choices by services to take risks. Some times individuals may want to do something which could be a risk to their health and safety. As a social care worker we have the duty of care to that person and we ensure to do all that we can to keep them safe. The conflict arises when we uplift the idea to respect the individuals rights and choices and promoting independence. In this scenario, we need to carry out a thorough risk assessment to ensure this particular activity is managed in a safest way. In order to minimise risks and promote welfare of the children and young people under care, it is important to report the areas of conflict to  the management, social se rvices and professional involved in an individuals care. Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individual’s rights and the duty of care In situations where there is a conflict of interest or a dilemma between an individual’s rights and duty of care, it is best practice to make sure the individual is aware of the consequences of their choice and that they have the mental capacity to understand the risks involved in their choice. It is their right as an individual to be able to make informed choices about their own lives even if we disagree with their choice. It is the right of every individual to make choices and take risks. It is the social care worker’s role to assist them in making those choices and reducing the risks without compromising their rights. An individual may be restricted if his or her behaviour presents a serious risk of harm to his or herself or to other people. People who receive care and support are considered to be at risk, and as such the law requires that an assessment be carried out to look at any possible risks there might be to the individual or to others. The aim of this assessment is not to remove the individual’s right to take risks, but to recognise and reduce them where possible to an acceptable and manageable level. Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmas The first port of call if a social care worker is unsure about what to do and if they are exercising the duty of care is to their manager. They should be able to advise you about the best approaches to take. Also we can contact Regulator for advice about how to implement the Code of Practice. All of the Regulators produce guidance about how to implement the Code of Practice. These guidance documents can be very helpful in looking at the implications for day-to-day work. Members of a professional association or a trade union can co ntact them and they will also be able to offer advice about any uncertainties you have about whether you are exercising a duty of care towards the people you support effectively.

Reflection ( Communication Around The World ) Essay

Reflection ( Communication Around The World ) - Essay Example I found it extraordinary the way the people there articulate sounds and give intonations to words. I recall at suppertime, while the whole family was dinning when I wanted salt because I felt the food did not have enough salt. I did not remember I was a visitor, and found myself speaking in my language. I only realized I was mistaken when all the family burst out in laughter. On inquiry, I learnt that the salt word in my language meant a frog in the new place. The experience embarrassed me and aroused an interest in studying the relationship between languages of the world and their cultures. What I learnt from my findings is that language is a unifying factor and an identity to people who can communicate effectively using it. However, behind this useful finding, there lies a barrier to the people of different languages. Along such lines, language ceases to unite, but instead becomes a tool of discriminating against each other (Chase & Shamo, 2013). A common language unites people, but a different language discriminates against others who do not understand it. Therefore, it is important to study the cultures of the people and relate with their

Application Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application Resume - Essay Example I applied to the Master Degree in order to advance my academic knowledge and career competitiveness. I am a very passionate person when it comes to learning new things. This follows the notion that new things come with challenges, and challenges result in opportunities. Personally, education is an endless process. In other words, completing my degree and achieving professional certifications is just but the beginning of my quest of knowledge. Learning is an on-going process that is neither limited to the formal institutions nor printed certifications and awards.The drive to start a business is the desire to be my own boss. I believe I am passionate and talented enough to practically exercise my knowledge and skills in a personal business. My core concern is to meet community needs and demands that fall within my business line. My motivation is the desire to serve the broader society through my creativity and innovativeness. Financial success also counts in as a motivational factor, a longside gaining respect and being appreciated for who I am and what I do. I am a well-rounded individual in terms of honesty, quality, humility and compassion. I want to stand out as a role model for my family and community. Just like the broader society, my family is important to me. I want to provide a nice home and a loving atmosphere for my family. I emphasize on the importance of education to my family since my personal success is highly attributed to education.I have gained values that I would like to see my children possess.

Information Technology Malware Management in the Enterprise Essay

Information Technology Malware Management in the Enterprise - Essay Example Every business or an enterprise ought to follow this classic approach with the â€Å"just-on-time† feature that entails malware information assessment and handling (IATAC, 2009). Background Malware problems are ever growing and continue to be a nuisance for computer users. Manufactures of malware programs have continued to increase over the years and by 2010, there were 14 million different malware programs recorded. An astonishing 60,000 sections of malicious code was being discovered every single day. A rather recent work known as the Koobface surfaced, its purpose was to target people on social networks and it’s created profited by making 2 million dollars in one year. A worm known as the Mariposa has been known to create the largest network of zombie machines on the entire planet. Experts, despite making their best efforts, could not calculate its exact size however they were able to pinpoint the number of computers that became infected by Mariposa which was over 12 million. What the worm did was drop spyware that stole susceptible information from the individuals who suffered, which includes bank account numbers and credit card credentials. This idea was completely planned by a solitary hacker in Spain who happened to make a blunder by chance that uncovered him and he was arrested (Milosevic, 2010). Forms of Malware Web attacks are counted amongst the foremost subtle and dangerous ways cyber criminals use. For instance, if you are searching any sites which may seem good and harmless but at the backend they are uploaded with various harmful malware which secretly get downloaded in the browser’s PC. It can happen as such that cyber criminals square measure all their probabilities and then they frame a hijack process. Mostly the advertising banners on these sites are used for such reasons hence it is extremely important that enterprises must place security barriers between the company’s system and internet arrangement (Baloch, 2011 ). Other forms within which malware can be formed include: Botnets Instant electronic messaging Phishing tries Skype malware Gaming malware Redirects If an administrator fails to execute an immediate action once he/she has recognized the entry of malware, then it can be ascertained that a door has been opened for criminals to siphon personal information from the computer. In the fight against the malicious software system, it isn't enough to treat individual infected machines. Enterprise Strategy for fighting Malware Too often, organizations create the error of treating malware infections as a series of irregular occurrences. Anytime a bug is discovered, IT merely cleans up or rebuilds the affected host and the whole system moves on with routine operational tasks. Nonetheless this approach does not permit the enterprise to stay up with progressively aggressive and innovative attack techniques used by malware authors. It is this time when management needs to take corrective action to bypass malware defenses, evade detection, and resist efforts to get rid of it (Zeltser, 2011). In fact, combating malware whether it is a big or a small enterprise atmosphere requires locating suspicious programs on servers and workstations and then executing the strategy for removing them. However it can also be done in the manner to conjointly investigate the areas infected and detecting the departments which interfere with the utilization of malware on the

Points To Consider Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Points To Consider - Article Example oup of shareholders is forced to choose between a negative outcome and another negative; hence the explanation of being stuck between a rock and a hard place. 1: Seeking not to rush to judgment on important decisions. Rather, taking time to collect all information with regards to the positive and negative externalities intimated by all sides is the far better approach. 3: Learning to implement the valuable good of the compromise as a means of maximizing the good for yourself and other parties involved. If one finds himself/herself in a situation in which two negative externalities result, the compromise may be a good way of taking the best from both negative situations and lessening the bad effects of the conflict or choice at hand. The main issues that were described in the given case with respect to the conflict between the firefighters and the policemen can be understood as an emotional response from the firemen with regards to the decision by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to suspend search and rescue efforts on Ground Zero and transition the process into a cleanup and deconstruction process. As a function of the fraternal bonds that existed among the firefighters, they were highly reticent to leave their fallen brothers behind in the rubble to be cleaned up like trash by the excavation crews. The other groups that were involved included the DDC, the mayor’s office, the police and obviously the fire department as well as several community groups that sought to side with one side or the other. However, it is worth noting that public sympathy was most firmly with the firefighters as a result of their loss and the sacrifices they had made within the Twin Towers during and after their collapse. The reason that the sense of organization was so long in developing was centrally an issue of remediation and jurisdiction. Due to the fact that no attack similar to the attacks of September 11th had before been perpetrated on US soil, let alone NYC, the shareholders

School Guidance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Guidance - Essay Example It has laid down in clear terms what are the responsibilities expected of the school counselors with regard to various groups of people who are directly connected with the school counseling program. iv) The counselor should rely only on tested evaluation programs and interpret the results of those evaluations in such a manner that it paves the way for further development of the student smoothly and steadily. i) Should respect the rights and responsibilities of parents/guardians for their children and should try to establish, an effective, collaborative relationship with parents/guardians in order to facilitate the student’s maximum development. ii) Should keep the parents and guardians posted about the results of the evaluation programs undertaken by the counselor and get their suggestions also for further corrective and suggestive actions that may be warranted for the benefit of the student’s overall development. In addition, the ASCA has also described the school counselor’s responsibilities to the Teachers and Staff Members and the Community members. If only the school counselor adopts a really professional approach, all the stakeholders, the students, their parents, the school and the community, will benefit immensely. This puts a greater responsibility on their shoulders which they can discharge efficiently if they adhere to the professional standards chalked out by ASCA, in their National Model with the 4 principles of foundation, delivery, management and accountability. Foundation: The professional school counselor understands the school’s mission and aligns the counseling program with the former to achieve overall success in providing academic, personal/social and career development needs of the students. In accomplishing this task, the shift has to be in changing the student counseling program from being just a service-centered activity to

Data Warehouse Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Data Warehouse Project Management - Essay Example To understand the various nuances of Data Warehouses in real time implementation, we studied the data warehouse implementation of DePaul university. This report aims at presenting the various data warehouse development and management features that were put in to effect while developing the data warehouse for the university. Certain roles specific to data warehouse development such as DW SDLC, construction of Data Marts when needed, ETL, Optimizations and Reporting are analyzed in detail. No data warehouse comes with a certain guarantee off success. The volume of implementation itself is many a times a reason for a DW failure. Therefore this paper also looks at the various risk factors involved in the development of the data warehouse for De Paul University. DePaul was founded in 1898 and is named for a 17th-century French priest, St. Vincent De Paul. The university has an enrollment of 23,149 students, 1,521 full time and part time professors and more than 125,000 alumni worldwide. At DePaul, students, faculty and alumni come together to form an environment that is welcoming and inclusive. The rich mix of heritages, experiences, interests and aspirations of its students and faculty help make the DePaul community one of a kind. To credit all its worth, in 1999 and 2003, the Princeton Review ranked DePaul students as â€Å"the happiest in the nation†. In 2007, Entrepreneur magazine ranked DePauls undergraduate program seventh and graduate program fifth, among the nations top entrepreneurship programs. DePaul is the ninth-largest private, not-for-profit university in the nation. Among those 10, all except DePaul are classified as "research extensive" universities, making DePaul the nations largest university with a primary mission of teaching and service. DePaul intends to become one of the finest urban, Catholic universities of the United States. Resolute in its Vincentian mission to make an extraordinary education

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay Nick’s observation that Gatsby is more worthy than the other characters in The Great Gatsby is true. At first he is hesitant to take a stand or to judge those with whom he comes into contact however, he begins to find everything about New York disgusting. Daisy’s inability to think about anyone else but herself and her wealth tarnishes her actions making her worthless however Gatsby’s dreams and aspirations make him a much better person. The Wilsons careless and arrogant personalities makes them apart of the rotten crowd, inferior to Gatsby who takes into account others. In addition, Gatsby’s ability to be loyal and great is far more apathetic than Jordan’s carefree, dishonest approach to life. Despite Gatsby’s wealth, he is very different to the rambunctious, loud and superficial people who attend his parties. Therefore, it is evident that Nick’s view is predominantly valid and true. Daisy embodies a selfish and materialistic life whereas Gatsby has dreams and aspirations. Gatsby notes that Daisy’s voice is â€Å"full of money† which suggests she is like a physical object and can be attained. It also means that she does not represent a girl, but represents money. Fitzgerald intends to give an insight of the 1920’s and show how people were characterised by their social class and wealth. The term ‘selfish’ is used to describe how Daisy fulfils her own personal needs at the expense of others’. Daisy reveals her shallow obsession with materialism by crying over Gatsby’s shirts. As long as she owns â€Å"such beautiful shirts† it could be anyone she’s crying over. Gatsby’s willingness to make personal sacrifices for others elevates him to a greater level than Daisy. The phrase ‘materialistic’ is used to show that Fitzgerald has intended to lead the readers into thinking that Daisy is associated with light, purity and innocence. When Nick first meets Daisy and Jordan, he describes them â€Å"like silver idols, weighing down their own white dresses against the singing breeze of the fans† The phrase ‘silver idols’ expresses the beauty of the two wealthy girls. The ‘singing breeze of the fans’ symbolizes the carefree nature they both possessed. Gatsby’s dream is to win Daisy’s love, which he believed he could accomplish  however, Gatsby’s dream ‘died’. This reveals that it is evident that Daisy is selfish and materialistic, unlike Gatsby who works hard to reach his goals. The Wilsons are apart of the â€Å"rotten bunch† because they are arrogant and careless but Gatsby behaves in a selfless and passionate manner. The word ‘arrogant’ describes Myrtle because she acts with arrogance when Tom who is richer and more â€Å"elegant† than her husband and in a higher social class put her in her place. The shabby, crowded apartment in New York where Tom, Myrtle, Nick and a few others decide to have a party is cluttered with over-sized furniture. This reflects Myrtles working class status, her lack of refinement and materialism. It also symbolises the obstacle that Myrtle is faced when trying to reach Tom and the tangled web of deceit that is her affair with Tom. The word ‘caring’ describes Gatsby, as he is very careful about women. â€Å"He would never so much as look at a friends wife. This shows that he is not like everyone else and that he genuinely is a caring and compassionate character. Therefore, the Wilsons are apart of the â€Å"rotten crowd† and Gatsby is â€Å"worth the whole damn bunch put together† Compared to Jordan’s inability to be honest and caring, Nick refers to Gatsby as being loyal and great. Nicks refers to Jordan as being â€Å"incurably dishonest†. Fitzgerald uses the word ‘incurable’’ to suggest that it is ‘never ending’ or ‘perpetual’. Jordan is constantly lying throughout the novel. She lies about various things and even about ruining a borrowed car. While on a visit to the city with Nick, Daisy, Tom and Gatsby, Jordan is driving recklessly. When Nick confronts her about it she simply states, â€Å"they’ll keep out of my way† This shows just how careless Jordan is and how she assumes that the whole world revolves around her. The word ‘great’ is used by Fitzgerald to display what Nick thinks of him despite his flaws and to show that Gatsby really is worthy. Gatsby is ‘great’ because he takes initiative, is knowledgeable, works hard, is passionate, loyal and nice, has selfless actions and is romantic. Nick states â€Å"Gatsby turned out alright in the end†¦ it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This means that everything Gatsby did was pure. Everything he did and every move he made for all for the love of Daisy. The word ‘  alright’ implies that regardless of everything, he had a true heart and he went to extraordinary length to accomplish his dreams. Tom and the people with whom Gatsby associates with including Klipspringer and the party goers who took advantage of Gatsbys hospitality and then showing him no respect are the foul dust that preyed on him. Evidently, this shows that Gatsby had a true heart whereas Jordan carried on living a careless and dishonest life. Despite his wealth, Gatsby is very different to the superficial fakeness of his guests who attend his parties. He does not really mingle or mix with them. He tends to be distant and introspective rather than joining into the party. Gatsby is much more closed than his guests. Some of the rumours that are told about Gatsby are that â€Å"he once killed a man† that he â€Å"was a German spy in the war†, that he is involved in shady deals involving the smuggling of alcohol, and that he is a great hero of war. At Gatsby’s party, two of the girls were wearing yellow dresses and when Daisy attended Gatsby’s party, she was wearing a yellow dress. The colour yellow symbolizes the flaws that the main characters begin to show throughout the novel. Yellow also represents the corruptness, moral decay, death and the false richness of Gatsby’s parties. Also, when talking to Pammy, Daisy states â€Å"Did mother get powder on your yellowy hair?† This ‘yellowy’ hair also categorises into the flaws of the main characters. The term ‘fakeness’ and ‘superficial’ is used by Fitzgerald to convey how Gatsby’s guests were. So many people attended these parties from all social classes. You do not need to be ‘artificial’ or ‘false’. Consequently, it is clear that people who attended Gatsby’s parties were distinguishably different to him. In conclusion, Fitzgerald exposes readers to distinguish the differences between the ‘rotten crowd’ and ‘worthy’ and ‘great’ people. Despite Gatsby’s wealth and success coming from illegal and dishonest means this all becomes immaterial when we realise his dedication to his dream, his loyalty and his honesty. Thus, Gatsby is worth the whole damn bunch put together.

Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay

Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay This assignment covers all detail about sources of finance. The aim of the research is to identify different sources of finance like short-term finance, medium-term finance and long-term finance. The first part of the assignment gives you an introduction about sources of finance. The second part covers short-term sources of finance and their advantages and limitations. The third part covers medium-term sources of finance and their advantages and disadvantages. And the last part covers long-term sources of finance and its merits and demerits. Sources of Finance Introduction As you know food is necessary for human life. Similarly finance is the heart of any business. It is most important for modern business, which requires huge capital. Finance could be needed for new businesses, when they recover a cash flow problem, new machinery, set up a new plant or takeover another business. Generally funds required for businesses are classified into short term, medium term and long term. In this section we look at the different source of finance and see the advantages and limitations of each. Business Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Shares -Equity Share -Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Trade Credit Overdraft Bill Discounting Customers Advances Instalment Credits Loan from Co-operative banks Short Term Source Long Term Source Medium Term Source Sources of Finance Short Term Sources of Finance Definition When we want to establish a new business, it is essential to know the amount of finance required. Some sources are overdraft, customer advances, loan from co-operatives, cash and trade credit etc. that make money for short time. It is called short-term source of finance. Generally Short-term is only for 1 year. In this section we learn about above source of finance and their relative advantages and limitations. Short-term sources of finance: Trade Credit Overdraft Discounting of bills Customers advances Instalment Credit Loan from co-operative bank Trade Credit : Providing business customers with time to arrange for the payment of goods they have already received. This period is one of the interest free credit. It is a costly source of finance. Trade credit is used when the buyer is not able to pay the real cost of goods. 1Trade credit refers to credit granted to manufactures and traders by the suppliers of the raw materials, finished goods, components etc. Usually business enterprises by supplies on a 30 to 90 days credit. Advantages of Trade Credit: If new business start up has trade credit, they will not need more money in capital. It is a good idea to someone who want to start a new business with less money. You can buy goods and make payment later when you sold all the goods and get some money or make a good profit. The time period may be after 25-30 days. Business can look in good position without having any serious trouble in immediate payment, which may set them back. Trade Credit improve the cash flow and provide easy platform for business. With the trade credit, business can focus on other area like sales, marketing and other research. Trade credit is available only with purchase of raw material or finished goods. The term and conditions of trade credit very according to the custom and usage of trade. Disadvantages of Trade Credit: If repayments are not made by in time, the business will receive a very bad credit history. They will not trusted in the future, if your business require any loan or trade credit. If company has a good credit history, it will get trade credit but these can be hard to build up for new business. Overdraft : It is a common source of short term finance because of its flexibility. When borrowed fund are not require longer time they can pay easily and quick. The risks to the lender are less then a long term loan because it is very cheap. 2When a bank allows its depositors or account holders to withdraw money in excess of the balance in his account upto a specified limit, it is known as overdraft facility. This limit is granted purely on the basis of credit-worthiness of the borrower. Advantages of Overdraft: Flexible 3 An overdraft is there when you need it and cost is zero (in case of small fee) when you do not need. It allows you to make essential payments whilst chasing up your own payments, and helps to maintain cash flow. Quick It is very easy and quick to arrange, providing a good cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss. It allow to make essential payment whilst chasing up your own payment and help to maintain cash flow. You only need to borrow what you need at that time. Disadvantages of Overdraft: Cost Sometimes it carry very higher interest rates and fees then loan. This makes them very expensive. Recall The bank can take back the entire overdraft amount at any time if you have broken terms and conditions or it may happen if you fail to make other payment. Security Overdraft may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you fail in repayment. Bill Discounting : Some bank provide short-term loan by discounting bill of exchange. In such cases bank deduct discount while making payment. The amount of discount is generally equal to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. The advantages and disadvantages from this source are following. 4When these document is presented before the bank for discounting, banks credit the amount to customers account after deducting discount. The amount of discount is equal to the amount of interest for the period of bill. Advantages of Bill Discounting: Availability of cash The drawer gets cash immediately by the discounting bill. He does not have to wait for the payment until the expiry of credit period mansion on the bill. Security Bank normally do not ask for any other security while making payment against the bill discounted. However if customer is interested, banks also grant him limit for discounting of bill. This limit is identify as a limit against discounting bill. Nature of liability for repayment Repayment of money advanced against discounted bill is the responsibility of the drawee of bill of exchange. In case drawee does not pay or refuse the pay, the drawer who got payment after discounting the bill is held responsible for payment. Disadvantages of Bill Discounting: Advance payment of interest While discounting a bill, bank deduct the discount and balance is credited in customers account. This discount is similar to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. Thus a person receiving money through discounting of bill has to offer advance interest on the amount of bill. Facility is subject to the parties credit Normally banks extend this facility after being satisfied with the credit of parties involved. Bank may be ask for some security. So, it is not a easy available facility. Problem when non-payment Bills not paid upon maturity are to be certified by Notary Public and a certain amount in the form of nothing is paid. Thus it became an additional burden. Customers Advances : The advance make by the customer against the value of order placed. Thus the remaining amount of goods to be supplied later. Let see more details about the advantages and limitations. Advantages of Customers Advances: Interest Free Amount offered as advance is interest free. Hence the funds are available without any involving problem. No Security The seller is not required to deposit any major security while demanding advance from the customer. Thus assets remain free of charge. Repayment Ones money received in advance will not be refunded. Hence there are no procedures for repayment. Disadvantages of Customers Advances: Limited amount Amount received from a customer is subject to the value of order. Borrowers demand may be more then the advance amount. Limited Period The period of advance amount is only up to the delivery goods. It cannot be renewed. Penalty Normally advances are subject to the condition that if goods are not delivered on time then order would be cancelled and advance amount would be refunded with interest. Instalment Credit : Instalment credit is a system under which a small payment is made at the time of taking the goods and remaining amount is paid in instalment. Generally instalment amount is including of interest. The advantages and limitations of this system are as under: Advantages of Instalment Credit: Ownership of asset Delivery of good is assured immediately on payment of down payment. Convenient payment of assets Costly assets which can not purchase directly with full payment can be purchase by instalment payment. Saving of one time investment If the price of asset is high and lumpsum amount is made then the business fund are blocked. In this case instalment credit leads to saving of one time investment. More facility for business If the facility of payment in instalment is available then business firm can afford to by new furniture, machinery or other necessary things. Thus, your business reputation looked in good condition by instalment credit. Disadvantages of Instalment Credit: Commitment for payment Payment in instalment is a commitment. So you have to pay your instalment in whatever condition of your business. Necessary to pay interest Payment of interest is necessary in this system. Generally sellers charge very high rate of interest. More interest If buyer fail to pay the instalment, seller sometimes impose penalty or additional interest. Loan from Co-operative bank : Co-operatives banks are good source of short-term finance. Membership is the primary condition for securing loan in this bank. This bank grant loans for personal and business purposes too. The advantages and limitations of this bank are as under: Advantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans create a sense of thrift among the low-income group. Being a member of co-operative bank, the borrower can participate in the management. Loan generally granted at a lower rate of interest. Loan from this banks are easily available. Loans are given for good purposes that help to develop the financial and social status of the people. Sometimes these banks organise training program for member to familiars them with the various avenues of the business and regarding proper utilisation of loan money. Disadvantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans are available only to members. Loan from this bank is available only for limited purposes. Co-operative banks depend on the supports of the government. So, government rules and regulations sometimes may be makes in trouble to the borrowers. These bank find it difficult to ensure repayment of loan money due to inadequate information about the need and utilisation of fund by the borrower. There is little scrutiny of the repaying capacity of the loan seeker at the time of granting loan. Medium Term Source of Finance Definition Medium term source of finance means fund does not require more then 3 years. Normally medium term funds are require by business for repairing and maintenance of machinery or other equipment. So firm get this finance from bank or other kind of source. Medium term source of finance: Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Leasing : Leasing is the method of capital funding requirement. Leasing based on the principal that income is earned from the use of an asset. The advantages and limitations of leasing are following: Advantages of Leasing: Reduced initial cash flow The big advantage of leasing equipment is that the cost is spread over a number of years. You have not to pay the entire amount upfront. This can help to maintain cash flow. Poor cash flow is the main cause of small business and leasing can help you to keep it under better control. Budgeting Normally this is a fixed contract. So the amount can be worked into your business budget much more easily. Tax Advantages lease rentals are considered as an operating cost. So it is possible to deduct them from taxable profits. However, before the contract you should always check the equipment you are buying is eligible or not. Security When you lease the product, you are not owner of this product. It means the leasing company gives better security. You dont need any further security to be able to start a contract. Disadvantages of Leasing: No ownership Main disadvantage is that you are not the owner of the product. It means the leasing company is the owner during and after the lease. As you do not own the product, you are unable to sell it in the event it is no longer needed, and you cannot upgrade to a newer or better product without either paying off the remaining contract, or paying a large fee to cancel the contract. No sell As you are not owner of the product, you can not sell it. If you do not longer needed, you have to pay large fee to cancel the contract. Termination Leases are very difficult to terminate early. Long term expense Although leasing allow you to avoid paying a large amount, but after a long time it works out considerably more expensive. Over the period of standard lease, you pay the actual cost of product and other charges. Maintenance You are responsible for maintenance of the product. If you have not trained employee to fix the equipment, this could be more costly in the serious fault. Some leasing company will allow you to cover maintenance cost but you have to pay some extra amount. Commitment Once you signed a lease contract, you are committed to making payment for the entire lease period even you stop using a property. Public Deposit : It is very old and popular source of finance. When modern banks were not established, people used to deposit their saving with reputed business. The maturity period for public deposit is minimum 6 months and maximum 3 years. The advantages and disadvantages of public deposit are following: Advantages of Public Deposit: Easy to deposit The method of borrowing money from public is very easy. It does not require many legal formalities. It has to be advertised to be newspaper. Easily available If companies have good reputation, they are able to obtain funds directly from public without any more financial difficulties. Income tax purpose Interest paid on this deposit is a deductible expenses for income tax. Fix rate The rate of interest on this deposit is fixed, it helps the company to play trading on equity, if the company is earning more then the rate of interest paid on public deposit. Flexibility Public deposit bring more flexibility in the structure of the capital of the company. These can be raised when needed and refunded when not needed. Disadvantages of Public Deposit: Insecurity Public deposits have no charge on the assets of the company. So it may be not safe to deposit saving in those companies which are not very popular. Uneconomical The rate of interest paid on public deposit may be low but there are other expenses like commission, which make it uneconomical. Short period Public deposits are available mainly for short period. So company cannot depend on it for a long time. Misuse The management may misuse your deposit. So in this case it is not secure. Bad effect on capital market It is an easy and cheaper source of raising money. Thus, more money deposited with the companies, there will be less investment in securities. Hence the capital market will not grow. Mortgage : A mortgage is a loan specially for the purchase of property. The borrower can use theirs own property as security for the loan. The advantages and limitations of mortgage are following: Advantages of Mortgage: Tax advantage The interest payment on the mortgage are tax deductible. Good cash flow With the use of mortgage, you are able to access to capital that you would not normally have access with nominal up-front payment and the flexibility in management of repayment plan. Cash flow management Mortgage plan are pre-set, so you can make plan for future cash management. Disadvantages of Mortgage: Collateral The nature of a mortgage require you to pledge the purchased property to the lender. When the mortgage is repaid, the owner is obligated to release the mortgage and is require to make available any government formalities. Defaults The lender may define a variety of events that will constitute a default on the mortgage, including failure to make any payment on time, bankruptcy, insolvency and breaches of any obligations in the mortgage agreement. Try to negotiate an advance written notice of any alleged default, with a reasonable amount of time to cure the default. Long Term Source of Finance Definition Long-term source of finance are those that are need over a longer period of time. Generally time duration may be more then 5 years. Long-term finance are needed for fund expansion, set up new office, buying new business or fixed assets like furniture, building, machinery, land etc. Funds require for this business is called long-term finance. The amounts of long-term capital depend upon the scale of business and nature of business. Following various sources of long-term finance and advantages and disadvantages of each source. Long-term source of finance: Shares Equity Share Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Shares : Shares is the main source of long-term finance. The joint stock companies issue shares to the general public. These shareholders are the owners of the company. There are two types of shares (1) Equity Share (2) Preference Share. Company divides its capital into units of particular value like  £10 each or  £200 each. Each unit is called share. Equity Share Dividend on these shares is paid after the fixed rate of dividend has been paid on the preference share. The rate of dividend is not fixed because it is depend upon the profit available. The equity shareholders control the affairs of the company and have an unlimited interest in the companys profit. The advantages and disadvantages of equity share are following: Advantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Income Profit The equity shareholders are the residual claimants of the profit. The company may add to the profit by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in good period. Rights Equity shareholders have right for voting to right persons as directors who can control and manage the affairs of the company. Transferable These shares are transferable units. The value of equity share goes up in the stock market with increase in profit of the concern. Advantages of Equity Share: [  [5]  For Limited Company ] A company can raised fixed capital by issuing equity shares without creating any charge on its fixed assets. The capital raised by issuing equity shares is not required to be paid back during the life time of the company. It will be paid back only if the company is wound up. There is no liability on the company regarding payment of dividend on equity shares. The company may declare dividend only, if there are enough profits. If a company raise more capital by issuing equity shares, it leads to greater confidence among the investors and creditors. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Irregular income The dividend on equity share is subject to availability of profit. If there are preference shareholders, they get first dividend before equity shareholders. Equity shareholders may get no dividend if company has not enough profit. Capital loss During recession period, the profit of the company come down and the rate of dividend also come down. Due to low rate of dividend the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. Dilution in control Each sale of equity shares dilutes the voting power of the existing equity shareholders. Equity shares are transferable and may bring about centralisation power in few hands. Impossible trading If equity shares alone are issued, the company cannot trade on equity. Over capitalisation If company issue more equity shares may result in over capitalisation. In that condition dividend per share is low which make bad effect on investor. High cost It cost more to finance with equity shares then with other securities as the selling costs and underwriting commission are paid at a higher rate on the issue of these shares. Speculation Equity shares of good companies are subject to hectic speculation in the stock market. Their prices change frequently which are not in the interest of the company. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [  [6]  For Limited Company ] No trading on equity Trading on equity means ability of a company to raise fund through preference shares, debentures and bank loan etc. On such funds the company has to pay at a fixed rate. This enables equity shareholders to enjoy a higher rate of return when profits are large. The major part of the profit earned is paid to the equity shareholders because borrowed funds carry only a fixed rate of interest. But if a company has only equity shares and does not have their preference shares, debentures or loans, it can not have the advantage of trading on equity. Conflict of interests As the equity share holders carry voting rights, groups are formed to corner the votes and grab the control of the company. There develops conflict of interest which is harmful for the smooth functioning of a company. Preference Share Rising capital by issue of these shares is a most important method of rising long-term funds. Preference shares are the shares, which carry initial rights over the equity shares. These shares are receiving dividend at a fixed rate. All shareholders gets dividend regularly. The advantages and disadvantages of preference share are following: Advantages of Preference Share: Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if there is no profit. First right Preference shareholders have first right to get dividend. Thus they enjoy the minimum risk. Less capital losses As the initial right of repayment of their capital in case of winding up he company, it saves them from capital losses. Fair security Preference share are fair security for the shareholders during depression period when profit of the company are down. Disadvantages of Preference Share: No Voting right Preference shareholders have no any voting rights in the company. Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if the company earns higher profit. No claim on surplus amount The shareholders have no rights to claim on surplus amount. They can only ask for the capital investment in the company. Not secure They cannot be secure on the companys assets. Debentures : Whenever company want to borrow a large amount of money for long but fixed period, it can borrow from the general public by issuing loan certificate called debenture. The holders of the debentures are the creditors of the company. The total amount is divided into units of fixed amount. These are offered to the genera public to subscribe in the same manner as in done in the case of share. A debenture is issued under the common seal of the company. It is a written acknowledgment of money borrowed. For example, if company need  £5,000,000 for 10 years, it will issued debentures. Each cost of debenture may be  £100. Advantages of Debentures: Creditors Debenture holders are the creditors of the company. Allowing control over the company Debenture holders have no right either to vote or take part in the management of the company. Reliable Source These are repayable after a fixed period of time, the company can make the best use of money. It helps long term planning. Tax benefit Interest paid on debenture is treated as a expense and is charged to the profit of the company. Thus the company saves income tax. Safety Debenture are more secure. When the company is winding up, they are repayable before any payment is made to the shareholders. Disadvantages of Debentures: More finance more difficulty Debenture finance enables a company to trade on equity. But more finance leaves little for shareholders, as most of the profits may be require paying interest on debentures. Burden in time of depression During depression time the profit of the company decline. It may be difficult to pay interest on debenture. As interest goes on accumulating, it may lead to the closure of the company. Cant borrow money Usually debentures are secure. The company creates a charge on its assets in favour of debenture holders. So the company, which does not have own enough assets, they cannot borrow money by issuing debentures. Burden As the interest on debenture have to be paid every year whether there are profits or loss. It becomes burden in case of company incurs loses. Retained Earning : The part of the profit which is not distributed among the shareholders but is retained and is used in business is called retained earning. As per Indian company Act. Companies are require to transfer a part of their profit in reserves. The amount so kept in reserve may be used to buy fixed assets. This is called internal financing. Advantages of Retained Earning: Cheap There are no expenses behind earning capital from this source. There is no obligation on the part of the company either to pay interest or pay back the money. It can safely used for business. Financial Stability A company which has enough reserves can face ups and downs in business. Such companies can continue with their business even in depression, thus building up its goodwill. Good for shareholders Shareholders may get dividend out of reserves if the company does not earn enough profit. Due to reserve, there is capital appreciation, i.e. the value of shares go up in the share market. Disadvantages of Retained Earning: If Huge profit This method of financing is possible only then there are huge profits and that too for many years. Dissatisfaction When funds accumulate in reserves, bonus shares are issued to the shareholders to capitalise such funds. Hence the company has to pay more dividend. By retained earning the real capital does not increase while the liability increases. In case bonus shares are not issued, it may create a situation of under-capitalisation because the rate of dividend will be much higher as compared to other companies. Monopoly Through ploughing back of profits, companies increase their financial strength. Companies may throw out their competitors from the market and monopolize their position. Mis-management of funds Capital accumulated through retained earnings encourages management to spend carelessly. Commercial Bank Loan : Some commercial banks giving loans for a long period. i.e. for more than ten year. The period of repayment of long is extended at intervals long period. Commercial banks provide long term finance to small scale units in the priority sector. Advantages of Commercial Banks Loan  [7]  : It is a flexible source of finance as loans can be repaid when the need is met. Finance is available for a definite period, hence it is not a permanent burden. Banks keep the financial operations of their clients secret. Less time and cost is involved as compared to issue of shares, debentures etc. Banks do not interfere in the internal affairs of the borrowing concern, hence the management retains the control of the company. Loans can be paid-back in easy installments. In case of small-scale industries and industries in villages and backward areas, the interest charged is low. Disadvantages of Commercial Banks Loan : Banks require personal guarantee or pledge of assets and business cannot raise further loans on these assets. In case the short-term loans are extended again and again, there is always uncertainty about this continuity. Too many formalities are to be fulfilled for getting term loans from banks. These formalities make the borrowings from banks time consuming and inconvenient. Borrowing 8 : Most business rely on borrowings as well as equity to finance operations. Lenders enter into a contract with the business in which the rate of interest, dates of interest payment, capital payments and security far the borrowing are clearly stated. In the event that the interest payment or capital payments are net made on the due dates, the lender will usually have the right, under the terms of the contract, to seize the asset on which the loan is secured and sell them in order to reply the amount outstanding, security for loan may take the form at a fixed charge on particular assets at the business or a floating charge on the whole at its assets. A floating charge will float over the assets and will only fix on particular assets in the event that the business defaults on its borrowing obligations. Advantages of Borrowing  [9]  : Local savers may provide less costly funds; an important habit among clients and the public is rewarded. Lower interest loans provide experience for the company in borrowed funds Local bank become familiar with micro and small enterprise potentials. Access to larger sums more quickly based on track record. Allow longer term projections than grants Provides a discipline similar to that of micro and small enterprise clients. Disadvantages of Borrowing : Too many subsidized loans can retard move to market rate. Loans may be dollarized in inflationary situation. Local banks may not be willing to be cooperative.

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation In this rapid changing world, globalisation affected people and states around the world largely. A British Labour Party politician, Clare Short, once said: People have accused me of being in favour of globalisation. This is equivalent to accusing me of being in favour of the sun rising in the morning. (Ridgers, 2012) This quote shows quite well that globalisation is the new ages of human history, which is inevitable. Most of the people think that globalisation is the process of interconnection between the people, companies, governments of different nations, in which driven by massively increased trade and cultural exchange (Navar, 2003). However, it may be too simplistic. Globalisation, in fact, has many underlying meanings and brings some unforeseeable consequences. Therefore, this essay will attempt to analyse globalisation and find out its true definition. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will discuss the meaning of globalisation in three dimensions: economy, culture and p olitics along with three waves of globalisation, namely hyperglobalist, sceptics, and transformationalists. Globalisation in economy dimension refers to the worldwide movement of the global economy, resulting in the increased interconnectedness of national economies with free transfer of goods, capital, and services across national borders (Guttal, 2007). Financial markets, such as credit markets, commodity markets and capital markets are the apparent examples. Base on the hyperglobalists perspectives, there are four main factors that lead to the process of globalisation in the economy (Martell, 2007). Firstly, transportation advances. With the improvements in transport, a large number of people and goods are able to move more quickly (Guttal, 2007). As a result, the cost of transporting goods becomes relatively cheaper where there are many larger cargo ships available (Guttal, 2007). Also, it means that the cost per item can be reduced since the cost of transporting is the key reason which influences it (Guttal, 2007). Secondly, the freedom of trade. The typical example of it goes to the Europe Unions (EU) free movement and trade, which includes goods, workers, and services (Nayar, 2003). This promotes people in different European countries to open or do business in each others countries (Nayar, 2003). Thirdly, technology revolution. It offers a more accessible and convenient communication between people around the world with the birth of electronic communication devices, such as smartphones, email, faxes, and social networking websites or apps (Nayar, 2003). Lastly, labour availability and skills (Guttals,2007). It could tackle the problems of jobs and skills shortage in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDs) and reduce the unemployment risk in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDs) in the meantime (Guttals, 2007). Moreover, it can take advantage of cheaper labour costs (Guttals, 2007). For example, Indian people whose country with the high unemployment rate are employed in Germany with lesser wages to fill the IT vacancies there (Campe, 2008). Since it seems that the process of globalisation is not inevitable due to the reasons above, then it may be appropriate to look at what impact will it make. Hyperglobalists say that capitalism is one of the many manifestations of globalisation (Guttal, 2007). As we know it today, capitalism is an economic system in which a countrys industry and trade are owned privately by people with minimal interference from the government (Campe, 2008). In this case, hyperglobalists claim that the growth of capitalism results from the rising interconnectivity between countries (Martell, 2007). They think that when the world becomes more integrated, the economies are becoming denationalised in which the relevance and authority of nation-state are declining (Martell, 2007). Also, they view the transnational corporation (TNCs); the companies that operate in different countries, becoming the biggest global influence and not nations, for example, Coca-Cola and MacDonald (Campe, 2008). Consequently, the global economy is considered to have integrated, accepted and included different parts of the world (Guttal, 2007). Hyperglobalists claim that global econom y brings some advantages. Firstly, global economy promotes the increasing international trade and the rise of the number of TNCs in which helps countries, especially LEDs by training the local people with new skills and jobs (Manu, 2000). Secondly, improvement in the standard of living that provide a better living condition for people living in countries that are globalising (Manu, 2000). For example, countries who welcome those foreign investments could earn more revenue as globalisation has brought about more opportunities for trade (Manu, 2000). The Singaporean government used this revenue to develop sectors, including welfare, transportation, and education. In contrast, sceptics perspectives consider global capitalism as a myth (Martell, 2007). They believe that the nation-states still have the responsibilities to control the flows of economic benefits even though the number of TNCs is increasing (Martell, 2007). For example, foreign investment flows into the control of several advanced economics (Martell, 2007). This shows that TNCs are still relevant to their original nation-states and gain profits for these states (Martell, 2007). They also look global economy negatively. They state that global economy is essentially not globally inclusive for two reasons; rising protectionism and increasing international inequality (Liedekerke, 2000). In economics, protectionism represents a method to restrain trade in goods and services (Liedekerke, 2000). Sceptics claim that the increased competition among nations is the main reason of causing protectionism (Teichmann, 2002). For example, the lower costs of labour in China and India make many comp anies have located their production facilities there (Teichmann, 2002). Benefiting from the increased revenue, these countries can rapidly develop their infrastructure like road networks and industrial parks, which further improve their attractiveness to foreign investors (Teichmann, 2002). Consequently, this strongly threatens developed economies such as Thailand and Singapore and more so for LEDs with poor political stability and infrastructure like Cambodia and East Timor (Manu, 2000). According to World Health Organisation (WHO), Economists predict that increased competition from low-wage countries will destroy jobs in richer nations and there will be a race to the bottom as countries reduce wages, taxes, welfare and environmental controls so as to be more competitive, at enormous social cost. Pressure to compete will erode the ability of governments to set their own economic policies and the move towards deregulation will reduce their power to protect and promote the interests of their people. (Liedekerke, 2000) When the protectionism leads to the higher international inequality, the income gap between countries is widening (Nayar, 2003). For instance, business owners in developed countries are able to outsource their operations to other countries in lower costs of production due to the improved communications and transportation (Nayar, 2003). As a result, higher retrenchment rates become higher, and income among the average workers reduce, turning into a phenomenon that the rich getting rich and the poor becoming poorer (Nayar, 2003). During 2012, the 29 richest states on earth generated 48 percent of the world output, whereas the 51 poorest nations contribute only 2 percent of the worlds total output (Manu, 2000). While the globalisation makes a huge change to business dealings, it also has cultural implications. Culturally globalisation refers to an interconnection of ideas, customs and values around the world (Guttal, 2007). In hyperglobalist perspectives, globalisation leads to the homogenisation of the world under American popular culture or Western consumerism (Martell, 2007). It states that globally people are enjoying the homogenised global cultures as the culture consumed is no longer exclusively from their own nation (Guttal, 2007). The national culture is declining significantly as people are interconnected with a universal culture (Guttal, 2007). For example, globalised culture shown in different areas, such as music, television, and sport. Firstly, music from certain countries has spread and sold across the world, notably the Beatles in the 1950s (Campe, 2008). People could learn the English language, English love stories, and ultimately culture through their lyrics (Campe, 2008). Secondly, Hollywood shows on television which originally produced for local audiences has been widely known in the world through globalisation. Consequently, the American culture, customs, performance, folk tales which appear in the Hollywood shows dominate global culture (Campe, 2008). Lastly, footballs popularity shows the globalised culture in sport. People with different nationalities would royally support the football teams. Also, it is common that there are many football players in a team are of different nationalities. Moreover, football is included in Olympic Games. In this case, hyperglobalists say that the emergence of the new technologies is the key role in promoting the global culture, particularly Internet and Satellite communication (Campe, 2008). People all over the world could receive the news, messages or information instantly from these corporations. However, sceptics view the global culture differently that it is, in fact, Western Imperialism (Teichmann, 2002). They criticise that globalisation poses a threat to classical nationalism where Western cultures dominate over all others (Teichmann, 2002). They also condemn that globalisation inevitably leads to the clashes of culture as the speed of globalisation has been accelerated significantly by the improvement of technology (Guttal, 2007). The noteworthy example can be found in migration. In the United States, the melting pot, which refers to the assimilation of migrants into one single culture, has been happening (Campe, 2008). Another example can be found in Hollywood films, in which poses a powerful influence in the global film industry (Campe, 2008). It is found that 95 percent of the global movies are produced by the USA whereas, on the African continent, only 42 films are produced each year. On the other hand, transformationalists argue that globalisation refers to the int ermingling of cultures and people (Guttal, 2007). It is said that cultures are hybridised and transformed into new forms (Teichmann, 2002). Politically globalisation means the expansion of the worldwide political system (Koshy, 2001). In the hyperglobalist opinion, political globalisation challenges the nationalism, which leads to the decline of national-state and the loss of national sovereignty (Koshy, 2001). International organisations including the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the European Union (EU) superseded the nation-states to take the lead in decision-making (Haynes, 2003). Many states sovereignty is weakened when the membership in intergovernmental organisation asks them to hand over (Agnew, 2009). For example, German students in Scotland unexpectedly are allowed to vote in elections to the Scottish Parliament. However, sceptics propose political globalisation in various ways, again. They say that states retain autonomy and sovereignty unevenly (Agnew, 2009). Some states have gained, and some have lost political power, for example, many states become stronger with more social democratic policies. They al so suggest that there is a great power inequality between the states (Liedekerke, 2000). The most powerful nations would use those international political body as a tool to impose their will for their own benefit and to exempt themselves from restrictions when it is disadvantageous to them (Koshy, 2001). Oppositely, some weak nations, perhaps, have no freedom to speak their will in front of these most powerful nations. In contrast to another two views, transformationalists see political globalisation in a relatively positive way (Haynes, 2003). They think there is a shared sovereignty between nation states and international organisations (Haynes, 2003). Nation states still have the power to make important decisions. States and international political body cooperate with each other to solve the global problems, such as demands for human right, environmental pollution, developments in international transport and communication (Haynes, 2003). In conclusion, this essay has attempted to demonstrate the meaning of globalisation in economic, cultural, and political dimensions. In these dimensions, it is not hard to see that technology revolution in recent years has played a vital role in the growth of globalisation. Moreover, with three perspectives on globalisation, it is likely to conclude that there are various meanings of globalisation in different dimensions and it is neither the totally positive nor negative. Globalisation helps as well as harms the world relations. Therefore, it is better to raise public awareness of globalisation, so that people could take it carefully to avoid the worst consequences. Bibliography Agnew, J A. (2009) Globalization and sovereignty.ÂÂ   Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Campe, C.V (2008) Atlantic Community. Available at: http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Globalisation%20and%20Nationalism.pdf (Accessed 12 March 2017) Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation, Development in Practice, 17(4/5): 523-531. Haynes, J. (2003) Tracing Connections between Comparative Politics and Globalisation, Third World Quarterly, 24(6): 1029-1047. Koshy, N. (2001) Political Dimensions of Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 36(18): 1513-1517. Liedekerke, L. V. (2000) Economic Globalization: The Political Challenge, Ethical Perspectives, 7(1): 37:52. Manu R. Shroff. (2000) Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 35(7): 498-584. Martell, L. (2007) The Third Wave in Globalisation Theory, International Studies Review, 9(2): 173-196. Nayar, B. (2003) Economic Globalisation and Its Advance: From Shallow to Deep Integration, Economic and Political Weekly, 38(45): 4776-4782. Ridgers, B. (2012) The Economist. Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/08/z-business-quotations (Accessed 12 March 2017). Teichmann, I. (2002) Globalisation. London: Watts

Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide Essay -- Candide essays Voltaire

Successful Use of Satire in Voltaire's Candide Voltaire's Candide is the story of how one man's adventures affect his philosophy on life. Candide begins his journey full of optimism that he lives in "the best of all possible worlds," but he learns that it is naà ¯ve to say that good will eventually come of any evil.   Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about many aspects of European society in the eighteenth century.   He criticizes religion, the evils found in every level of society, and a philosophy of optimism when faced with an intolerable world.   Candide portrays religious persecution as one of the most worst aspects of society.   Voltaire rejects the superstitious beliefs that the church endorsed.   After the great earthquake in Lisbon, the church seems to think that persecuting a few innocent civilians in an auto-da-fà ¨ will prevent another disaster.   The church should be the most civilized aspect of a society, but Candide is flogged in time to a musical procession, Pangloss is hanged, and two others are burned.   Voltaire illustrates the irony of the church as a source of violence with the warring churchmen that Candide finds in the Jesuit state in the New World.   The Spanish priests in the New World operate a government where "the Fathers have everything, the people nothing;...they wage war against the King of Spain and the King of Portugal...they kill Spaniards" (Voltaire 53).   Ironically, the priests in Paraguay also hold offices in the army.   The Baron, for example, holds the title of Reverend Father Colonel.   Voltaire stresses the irony of a official of the church that preaches "Thou shalt not kill" to be an army officer who's job is to murder.   The cruelty of Christiani... ...ught good out of evil, but because he has made his own happiness.   "'Well said,' replied Candide, 'but we must cultivate our garden'"   (Voltaire 120).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited and Consulted: Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part IX: The Age of Voltaire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1968. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1965. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980. Voltaire's Candide and the Critics. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1966. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1976.

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homer's The Iliad Destiny is defined as fate. One cannot escape destiny. Divine intervention on the other hand is much different. One can at least beg for mercy or help. Both destiny and divine intervention are intertwined in Homer's The Iliad. In book I Thetis asks a favor of Zeus in order to make her son look good. Zeus decides to help Achilles against the wishes of Hera. In Book II there are two gods trying to accomplish different tasks. In order to make Achilles look good, Zeus must give glory to the Achaeans. Hera on the other hand tries to help the Greeks. The gods try to assert their divine authority, but without the humans realizing they are being played like puppets. Throughout The Iliad we see both divine providence and the luck of humanity playing a part in the lives of Hector and Achilles. In Book I Achilles looks for a holy man to find out why the gods are against the Achaeans. Achilles knows that in order to win the war, the Trojan army must find favor with the gods. The chosen holy man was Thestor. It was said that the god Apollo had given Thestor power to see into the world of the supernatural. Before Thestor would even say anything, he required assurance that he would not be harmed for what he had to say. Thestor blames the plague of problems on Agamemnon. Because Agamemnon will not return Chryseis, the Achaean army has fallen out of favor of the gods. In order to return to the protective umbrella of the gods, restitution must be given. Chryseis must be returned. In this instance, the humans wanted favor from the gods. In order to get it, they had to comply to what the gods wanted, which was give back Chryseis. In Book II Zeus uses a dream to change the lot of Achilles. Agamemnon has a dream indicating that the Achaean's should give up. Nestor also agrees after hearing the dream. Agamemnon and the chiefs make a decision about the war and the destiny of the Achaean fighters based on a dream sent by Zeus whose purpose is to make Achilles look good. Here again, the gods are the puppeteers and the humans are not really in control of their destiny. In Book VI we see the belief in fate becoming more evident.