RF Propagation Pathloss Model

RF elongation Path spill stumperIntroductionWhat is the need of RF Propagation Model?In piano tuner confabulation the transmitted maneuver propagates in space i.e the radio receiver signal. Wireless conversation carcass is the most wide used communication system now a days and communication took place in such system with the help of radiowave in space. Thus a fine analysis and study of radiowave propagation is wantd and it is a very important aspect before we finally design and implement a wireless communication system.When we talk about the communication through a wired line medium such as RF Coaxial cable or twisted pair cable or optical fiber provides reliable communication with minimum pathloss as signal is well secured in it from the atmospheric distortions. though the laying and maintaining of the wired medium takes time and is cost effective as well but it is reliable means of communication. on the other hand communication in such medium i.e. in wireless communication is quite unreliable and unsecured. In wireless communication a limited operating oftenness bandwidth is available for communication as it has many other applications of radiowave propagation in space.Every communication system is intentional with some specific objectives of providing continuous communication services to expeditious subscribers that argon present in the service rural area i.e. the area upto which the operator will provide communication services. But as we study earlier a good quality service contribute save be obtained if loss of transmitted signal will be minimum and maximum signal will reach at receiver end.The design can be optimized only when the parameters under which a system has to operate are fully understood whether the absolute frequency band allocated or the height of barbel, distance amidst transmitter and receiver, and the most important is the pathloss and an estimation of received signal level at the receiver end. If proper radio analysis is done than it will be of great use to design a ne twork and implement it in computer hardware level with proper and desired results which are expected from a system.The most important design parameter in mobile communication system is to hit the desired signal coverage as the basic purpose of operator is to serve the subscribers in a specified service area. Whenever a system is designed it is designed for some specific aims and that is to provide a better service to subscribers with in the range for which the services are introduced but if we directly implement the system without checking it whether the system is giving desired output or not and directly implement it than if it is not coiffeing according to ones expectation the system will be wasted and soon our efforts so it is the most important promoter to check and calculate the pathloss.Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss modelDifferent models were developed which are empirical in nature that means they are developed based on the collection of information in specific areas. Data must be sufficient enough so as to study the losses that may happen in any specific area, so that on the basis of that data one can come to a conclusion as propagation models does not see the exact pathloss that may happen but it will tell the most likely behavior of the link under some defined conditions.Mainly RF Propagation Models can be classified as at a lower placeBasically RF Propagation models can be classified into three main categories which can be classified as above defined.Empirical modelsSemi-deterministic modelsdeterministic modelsThe Basic classification of RF Propagation Pathloss Models can be seen in the above enroll 3.1. Three kinds of modelsFigure 3.1 Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss ModelEmpirical models based on measurement data, simple (few parameters),use statistical properties, not very accurate.Semi-deterministic models based on empirical models + deterministic aspectsDeterminist ic models site-specific, require enormous number of geometry information about the cite, very important computational effort, accurate.Every Model is defined for a diverse and a specific environs and for different cells. Cells in a mobile communication is nothing but a geographical area covered by a telephone transmitter. cells can also be divided into three main types and they are as followsMacrocellMicrocellPicocellMacrocell The area of largest coverage. Macrocells are used to described the widest range of cell sizes.Example An stallion City.It covers the area upto 1-5 km long.Microcell The area of intermediate coverage. Mainly the range of microcell is less than two kilometers.It covers the area upto 100- 1 kilo meters.Pico cell A picocell is a exquisite cellular base station which covers a small station such as in buildings, offices, shopping malls etc.It covers the area upto euchre meters.From the above figure we can understand the concept and coverage area covered by a macrocell, microcell and picocell.Representation of macrocell, microcell, picocellA table is shown where different cells and the area covered by those cells i.e Macrocell, Microcell, and picocell is shown in table 3.1.3.Table 3.1.3 Different cell sites and area they covered.Different RF Propagation Pathloss models are defined for different cells which can better perform on different cells and better results can be obtained. Now the cells and the models defined for it will be described.Okumura-Hata modelIt is the most popular model which is based on the empirical information obtained from measurements in japan.(okumura 1965). The okumura Hata predicts the Pathloss L between the transmitter and receiver taking into considering the frequency, the distance between transmitter and receiver, height of antenna, terrain type.this model fits best for urban and suburban areas.General formulaThe general formula for the path loss L according to the Okumura-Hata model isL = a0 + a4logf a2logh b ahm + a1 a3loghblogd Lc,where a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 are adjustable parametersSpecific formulasThe path loss L can be found by the standard path loss formulas for GSM-900, GSM-1800, and GSM-1900 according to the Okumara-Hata model.GSM900 formulaThe path loss formula for GSM-900 isL = 69.55 + 26.16logf 13.82loght ahm + 44.9 6.55loghtlogd Lc.GSM1800/1900 formulaThe path loss formula for GSM-1800/1900 isL = 46.3 + 33.9logf 13.82loght ahm + 44.9 6.55loghtlogd -LcWhere,L= Pathlossfc=frequency of transmissionht=antenna heightar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the in areaLc=correction factor for different terrains.Correction factor for different clutter classes is determined according to okumura hata model and following is the table 3.1.4 which shows the clutter classes and correction factor for it.Table 3.1.4 Correction factor defined according to okumura Hata ModelCost 231 Hata Propagation ModelA Model that is widely used for predicting pathloss in wireless system operating from 500 MHz to 2000 MHz is the cost 231 Hata Model. It contains correction factor for Urban, suburban and open rural environment. The general expression for calculating pathloss in the urban area as given by COST 231 Hata model isLpch(urban)db)=46.3 + 33.9logfc 13.82loght ar + (44.9-6.55loght)logr + Cmwhere, fc=frequency of transmissionht=antenna heightar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the coverage area.Cm =3db for urban environments and 0db for suburban or open environmentWalfisch-Ikegami modelThe Walfisch-Ikegami model is more novel than the Okumura-Hata model. It is based upon the deterministic models of Walfisch, Ikegami, and Bertoni.It works in 2 cases LOS and NLOSLOS (Line of sight)LLOS dB = 42.6 + 26 log10 dkm + 20 log10 f MHzNLOS (Non line of sight)LNLOS dB = LFS + Lrts (wr, f, hMobile , ) + LMSD (hBase, hBase, d, f, bS )LFS = free space path loss = 32.4 + 20 log10 dkm + 20 log10 f MHzLrts= roof-to-street lossLMSD= multi-diffraction lossBut it has some restrictions which are as followsFrequency f between 800 MHz and 2000 MhzTX height hBase between 4 and 50 mRX height hMobile between 1 and 3 mTX RX distance d between 0.02 and 5 kmLongley Rice Propagation ModelThe Longley Rice Propagation model also known as irregular terrain model. It basically calculates large scale median propagation loss sexual intercourse to free space loss propagation loss over irregular terrain. It is mainly applicable for evince to point wireless communication system.It operates in the frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz.It is mainly used for frequency planning in television broadcasting.The modified model can also be used for radio wave propagation in urban areas for mobile communication.The Longley Rice propagation models has two parts modelArea to area expectation model.Point to point prediction model.The area to area is used when path profile is not given but point ot point is used when detailed path profile is given. But, the main drawback of this model is that it doesnot consider the effect of multipath, foliage, buildings and other environment factors.Two Ray Point to Point Propagation modelThe point to point propagation model is a basic system design tool that is used to generate a signal coverage map, an interference area map, or a handoff occurrence map. In many mobile communication system the maximum distance between the cellsite and the mobile is at the most only a few tens of kilometers and surface is assumed flat. A simple two ray model can be used to predict pathloss and received signal strength.Lpch = 40 log r 20 log ht 20 log hrThus it implies that the propagation pathloss in a mobile communication Lpch increases by 40dB for every increase in distance by 10 times. If the cellsite antenna height is doubled, there will be reduction in pathloss by 6dB.The two ray model is found to be reasonably accurate for predicting the l arge scale received signal strength over distances of several kilometers for mobile radio communication system that use tall cellsite towers and los microcell application in urban area.

Small And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management Essay

Small And Medium Enterprises And Their Characteristics Management EssayIn the modern human economy, line of descent proceedings send away be conducted within the same city, the same country, or even mingled with two countries. The term of internationalisation has been adopted by about look intoers, for instance Bell (1995)A rigids engagement in a specific alien marketplace develops according to an establishment chain, i.e. at the start no merchandise activities be performed in the market, then trade takes place via independent wageratives, later done a sales subsidiary, and, eventually manufacturing may follow. world-wideization has frame a significant research topic for duty academics in the past forty years. A substantial amount of research has foc utilize on multinational enterprises (Dunning, 1973 Markusen, 1995 Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a growing interest in the internationalisation of diminutive and sensitive sized enterprises (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDou gall, 1994).Meanwhile small- and forte-sized companies (SMEs) view been believed to be significant in alimentationing economics rise within a country (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For example, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-sector companies, contribute 31.6% to Gross house servant Product (GDP), and utilization 55% of the total workforce (EIM byplay Policy Research, 1999). Furthermore, obtaining sales outside their own home(prenominal) market is a goal of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their regimes (Economic Development Board, 1993).This thesis will be hard on the process of internationalization of SMEs, and especially the barriers of internationalization and motivations for export activities. In fact, SMEs are competent to develop abroad since nowadays countries all around the world have become almost indistinguishable in terms of cultures and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003).1.2 Problem param eterAccording to caper indication, this there for leads to the following problem statementWhat are the barriers and motivations of internationalization with regard to small and medium sized enterprises?1.3 Research QuestionsThe following questions will be posed in gild to draw conclusions with deference to the problem statementWhat are the characteristics of small and medium enterprises?How do the enterprises internationalize?What are the challenges and drivers of internationalization?1.4 Research mode and Data Collection1.4.1 Research MethodThis thesis will use a literature study as the method of research. To be able to answer the research questions, the research method that shall be used is the literature study. To develop a theoretical framework, exploratory studies are used in this research. It is the most ideal type of research for obtaining a actualize understanding of the phenomena of interest (Sekarana, 2003).1.4.2 Data ColletionMost of the resources used are secondary data which is data that have al found been gathered by other researchers in the past (Sekarana, 2010). So far the author has found several journals and articles discussing internationalization of small and medium enterprises as the main source of this thesis.Firstly, literature based on drivers and motivations of internationalization of small and medium enterprises were sought using several search engines much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Google Scholar, and also database such as JSTOR. The following keywords were used planetaryization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These keywords were used separately and in combinations with apiece other. Secondly, more literature, articles and statistical data were found from the internet. Google is used as the search engine.Finally, to determine the quality of the literature, it is important to look at the mo of citations from other high quality journal included in this literature. A nonher way to determine if literature is trustworthy is by looking at the references.1.5 Structure of the ThesisIn the remaining chapters the structure will be as followsChapter 2 shall review and analyze some of the definitions of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, referring research question Q1.Chapter 3 will examine the theories and the process of internationalization.In chapter 4, I will investigate the opportunities and barriers to internationalization.In the final chapter, conclusions will be drawn and the problem statement will be answered.2. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES2.1. Definition of SMEsThere is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm (Storey, 1994). However, some definitions are very depending on criteria such as number of employees and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) attempted to overcome the problem of small firm definition by formulating what it called an economic definition and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regard ed as small if it satisfied the following triad criteria they had a relatively small share of their market place they were managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and non through the medium of a formalized management structure they were independent, in the sense of non forming part of a large enterprise.The Committee also formulated a statistical definition which was designed to address one-third main issues. The first was to quantify the size for the small-firm sector and its contribution to economic aggregates such as gross municipal product (GDP), employment, exports and innovation. The second purpose was to compare the extent to which the small enterprise sectors economic contribution has changed over time. Thirdly, applying the statistical definition, this allows a comparison to be make among the contributions of small firms in one country with that of other nations.Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on how to define SME (Gibb, 1993 Curran and Blackb urn, 2001) as each country defines SME several(predicate)ly. For example, in the US and Canada, SMEs are generally defined as firms with fewer than 500 employees. In Japan, different headcount ceilings are used for manufacturing (up to 300 employees), wholesale (up to 150) and retail (up to 50).In this thesis we use the classification given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). According to the European Union (2003), an SME is an enterprise with fewer than 250 employees and a perturbation no more than 50 million Euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million Euros. Small enterprises employ less than 50 and micro enterprises less than 10 employees.2.2. Characteristics of SMEsSMEs are always one of the remarkable subjects for the researchers. It may be distinguished from larger firms by a number of key characteristics. Researchers have drawn some characteristic for the SMEs. Characteristics often discussed as typical of SMEs are as followedLimi ted resources (Welsh and White, 1981). A small and medium enterprise generally has modified resources, which means they did not have money to purchase the required machinery and to hire many workers. This is extremely true for new starts-up out-of-pocket to an absence or lack of track record on the firm to entice potential investors and bankers. Hence, it is highly dependent on the capability of the owner to revert resources.Informal management style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For small and medium enterprises, the management is usually informal. The owner has to do almost every matter and employees are normally expected to be able to duty as generalists as there is no clear division of tasks.Flexibility (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The enterprise has more flexibility to adapt to changes in the environment collectible to its size and informal structure. It is also vulnerable to grow in the enterprise environment. For example, any changes in government policy or t echnology might have a strong influence on the firms since instant changes require additional resources or capital. This might become a constraint to the firms to compete and sustainitself in the market.Dependence on individual decision makers (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The firms are managed and operated by the owner. The entrepreneurs of the business lead the party and play a affair as both employee and employer. The return of the firms is determined by the owner. Decision making is comm hardly done by the owner.3. INTERNATIONALIZATIONDifferent approaches and perspectives have been contributed to the literature firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been researched over three decades (Etermad, 2004). For instance, a sluggish perspective of SME internationalization is explained in the Uppsala Model, and the Finnish-POM Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975 Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other perspective is that SME internationali zation is explained by an economic view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is described by a meshing approach (Kenny and Fahy, 2004 Majkgard and Sharma, 1998 Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is described as the International New Venture perspective (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994 Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). entirely these models are briefly discussed below.Of the gradual approaches, the Uppsala Model initiated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is wide used to describe pattern of small firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the distinction between state and change aspect of internationalization variables. They argue that the present state of the firm is the important factor in explaining future changes and subsequent stages. The state aspects are represented by the firms market lading to the contrasted market and the market intimacy about foreign market and operations. The change aspect is seen as commitment decision and the performance of current business activities.The concept of market commitment is assumed to be composed of two factors Firstly, the amount of resources committed, for example, the size of investment in the market ( selling, personnel, organization etc.) Secondly, the degree of commitment, for instance, the difficulty of finding an alternative use for the resources and transforming them to practice.Market knowledge is seen as information about markets and operations which is somehow stored valid retrieval in the minds of individuals inside the firm, in computer memories or in written reports. International activities require both general knowledge about market operations and market specific knowledge.Current business activities are the prime source of experimental knowledge for the firm. It could be argued that experience could be gained alternatively through the hiring of the personnel with experience or through advice from persons with experience.Commitment decisions depend very much on experience since they are a response to perceived distrust and opportunities on the market. Decisions to commit further resources to specific foreign operations will more often be taken if experimental knowledge adds. This implies that additional market commitment as a rule will be made in small incremental steps because its takes time to gain experimental knowledge about foreign markets.The Uppsala model concentrates on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign market. According to this model, lack of knowledge is an important breastwork in the development of international operations and such knowledge can be acquired mainly through operations abroad. The gradual acquisition of knowledge increase foreign commitments.The second gradual model distinguishes three dimensions of internationalization (Luostarinen, 1979). First is Product (P), which describes what in terms of the firms goods, servic es, know-how and systems. Second is the Operation mode (O) which relates to how firms operate such as through agents, subsidiaries, licensing and management contracts. Third is Market (M), which describes where in relation to the selection of markets and takes into account political, cultural and physical differences. The organizational capacity dimension was a later addition to describe organizational structure, resources, finance and personnel (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988). Nonetheless, neither gradual model addresses the issues of networking.The networking view concentrates on non-hierarchical systems where enterprises invest to support and monitor their role in international networks. Referred to as the network perspective, this research draws on the theories of kind exchange and resource dependence, and emphases on firm performance in the context of a network of interorganisational and interpersonal relationships (Axelsson and Easton 1992). Such relationships can include cust omers, competitors, suppliers, private and public support agencies, and friends, family and so on. Organizational boundaries therefore incorporate both business and social relationships.The theory suggests three methods of internationalization International extension, explains how a company initially establishes connections with networks in other countries Penetration, the firms develops the relationships that arise from those networks, which is described as the penetration method International integration, the time when the company integrates the networks in different countries.Based to this research, internationalization determined by on an organizations set of network relationships rather than a firm-specific advantage. Therefore, externalization (rather than internalization) occurs. The network approach offers a complementary perspective to FDI theory given the latter does not account for the role and impact of social relationships in business transactions (Granvetter 1985). Als o, internationalization decisions and activities in the network approach appear as patterns of behavior influenced by various network members, while FDI theory assumes coherent strategic decision-making. The network perspective introduces a more multilateral element to internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne 1992, p.12). Interestingly, this perspective has evolved from Johanson and Vahlnes primaeval work, and reflects their ongoing research exploring the management of foreign market entry. For example, their (1992) study of internationalization in the place of exchange networks found that even if foreign market entry is the gradual process (supporting the Uppsala model), it follow from interaction, and the development and maintenance of relationships over time. These findings support Sharma and Johanson (1987), who found that technical consulting firms operate in a network of connected relationships between organizations, where relationships become bridges to foreign markets and offer firms with the prospect and incentive to internationalize.The International New Venture theory emerged in the mid-nineties in response to the recognition that many firms do not go along with the gradual models in their internationalization process (Etemad, 2004a Kenny et al., 2004). These firms are called Born Global (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996 Rennie, 1993), whilst Oviatt et al., (1994) identify them as Global Start-ups or International New Ventures (INV) firms. This model focuses on the age and not on the size of the firms and suggests that the INVs retain uncommon assets and capabilities that enable firms with limited resources to venture faster into foreign markets.Furthermore, Coviello and McAuley (1999) argue the internationalization happens gradually. With his extensive study of internationalization, Gripsurd (1990) points out that there is a three-stage model describing how an organization develops its international business study. First, the organization starts as a potential exporter, where they do not yet have the opportunity to export any of their goods or services. During this stage, the organization is still producing and distributing its products in the domestic market. Moreover, in the second stage, the firm is known as a passive exporter, where it has the opportunity to export its goods or services. However, they only represent upon request therefore, there is no self-initiative. To continue, in the third stage, the firm is known as an active exporter, when it is increasing export activities abroad. With think of to the explanations, it is clear that Bell (1995) and Gripsrud (1990) mainly focus on the idea that internationalization develops in a number of stages. It happens gradually, not just with a single movement.3.1 serve of InternationalizationThere are six steps that have been used for understanding about the internationalization of the small and medium enterprises. This process is not mattered only for the small and medium firm s but applied in larger firms as well (Moberg and Palm, 1995 in Jennie and Zetterwall). These steps involved respectively, why internationalization (motives), company situation ( ram), what (product and service), where (market selection), how (entry modes), and when (point of entrance).3.1.1. Find out motives for internationalization.When a company goes internationalization it is often driven by certain stimuli or stimulus. Sometimes external and internal pres certainly such as competition, excess capacity of resources and a small and decline home markets put pressure on the company for becoming international. Other time firms go international because they want to. They have a unique product that is not widely available from international competitors or a technological advance in a special field (Czincota Ronkainen, 1995).3.1.2. Clearly define the current situation of the enterprise (through conducting a SWOT analysis).To enter a foreign market does not mean new opportunities, but also a totally new situation with new environment and cultures. To find out whether a firm is ready to meet and handle this new situation or not, a complete analysis of the company situation has to be done by using SWOT analysis (Thompson Strickland, 1995, in Jennie Zetterwall). Companys economy, production, personnel, marketing, international experience and language capabilities are some factors those moldiness be analyzed into SWOT analysis (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Potential markets and marketing environment have to be analyzed to find attractive opportunities and avoid environmental threats.3.1.3. Decide on the product or service enterprise wish to integrate in this process.The success of the firm depends on its products offered and on how well the firm is able to differentiate the product or service from what the competitors offer. When a company enters in a new market it should start with a small share of the assortment, mainly quality products or already established products.3.1.4. Select the adept market to penetrate.When firm descends to enter foreign markets, the customers and market conditions are quite different from their home market. That stage firms need to enhance international marketing strategies considering different aspect of the marketing such as product, price, promotion, place, logistics, competition, and so on. The firms strategies decided, whether use to the existing product or develop a new product to serve the foreign market. A firm run the international marketing should not only identify the product for different markets but should also develop suitable strategies for issue such products. Whether a single standardized can be offered worldwide or a customize product need to be develop for each market is the most significant product decision that firms has to do while operating in international markets. In the international market, decision related to quality, promotion and labeling of product require specifi c attention and consideration. Product strategy of the firm in international markets is often influenced by cultural context (Joshi, 2005). Therefore, it is a debt instrument of the manager/owner to know the taste and preferences of the customer in a target market, and formulate the product strategy according to the marketing conditions. Sometime color, size, and package of the product play vital role in the success of the firm (Joshi, 2005).3.1.5. Decide on mode of entry.After the selection of the market has been done, the company has to decide how to approach the foreign market. A firm can, for example choose to sell governly to the final consumer, to sell indirectly through distributors and/ or agents, or to sustain topical anaestheticly in foreign countries. The choice depend on factors such as, resource of the exporting company, the characteristics of the product, the goal of the internationalization, the distribution culture in foreign markets, and the number and demand o f the customer (Czinkota Ronkainen, 1995).3.1.6. Find the right moment to do it.Furthermore, a company has to determine when to enter the foreign market. The company must be sure that market is ready, that the company has enough resources and the right market channel and product for specific market (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall).Meanwhile, Masurel and Montfort (2006) explored the changes between stages in the life cycle of small and medium-sized enterprises in the professional services sector. They distinguish four different, subsequent stages in the life cycle. 1. Starting 2. harvesting 3. Maturity 4. Decline. They found that the first three stages represent an increase in diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, the diversification in sales, differentiations in labor force, and labor productivity all drop. As growth as one crucial key in this life cycle, SMEs starts internationalizati on which has become more and more relevant to the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. Recently, SMEs that start with a global strategy can change swiftly to take advantage of cross-border activities, which offers chances not only for revenue growth but also the exchange of knowledge and the development of capabilities, thereby strengthening the long-term competitiveness of the firm.3.2. The Models of InternationalizationTookey (1969) developed an early example of modeling progression through various steps, pre-dating the Uppssalla model this involved the advancement of the firm from exporting, to international marketing and finally international business The behavioural approach of the Uppsala views internationalization as having four stages (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, Johanson and Vahlne 1977) while Bilkey and Tesar (1977) identify six steps, Aijo (1977), Cavusgil (1980) and Reid (1981) identify five, while Czinkota (1982) identifies six.Johanson and Wiedersheim-P aul (1975), Johanson and Vahlne (1977) wooden leg 1 No regular export activities coiffe 2 Export via agents put 3 Establishment of a sales subsidiary Stage 4 Production or manufacturing in a foreign market.Bilkey and Tesar (1977)Stage 1 Management not interested in exporting Stage 2 Management automatic to fill unsolicited orders but not effort made to explore feasibility of actively exporting Stage 3 Management actively explores feasibility of active exporting Stage 4 Firm exports experimentally to psychologically close county Stage 5 Firm is now an experienced exporter Stage 6 Management explore feasibility of exporting to psychologically distant countries.Cavusgil (1980)Stage 1 Firm sells only in domestic market Stage 2 Pre-export phase, the firm searches for information and evaluates feasibility of kickoff to export Stage Experimental involvement, firm begins exporting to psychologically close country Stage 4 Active involvement, exporting to more new countries, direct export ing and increase in sales volume.Czinkota (1982)Stage 1 The completely uninterested firm Stage 2 The partially interested firm Stage 3 The exploring firm Stage 4 The experimental firm Stage 5 The experienced small exporter Stage 6 The experienced large exporter.Reid (1981)Stage 1 Export awareness, problem of opportunity recognition and arousal of need Stage 2 Export intention, motivation, attitude, beliefs and exporting about exporting Stage 3 Export trial, personal experience from limited exporting Stage 4 Export evaluation, results from engaging in exporting Stage 5 Export acceptance, credence of exporting or rejection of exporting.4. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONALIZATIONDrivers of InternationalizationThere must be some motivations behind the decision to go international. Leonidou, Katsikeas and Percy (1998) determine that organizations are typically willing to market themselves for four reasons. First, it may be due to slow growth in the domestic economy as evidenced by a lessening in the number of the home market opportunities. Consequently, an organization will look for other opportunities by entering new international markets (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Second, there may be a trade deficit followed by currency devaluation and a number of export restrictions. Third, the world trading system may become more liberalized tip to a minimization of international market entry barriers. Forth, it might be more intensive global competition in the global business environment.All these trends have developed the dynamic of exports. The creation of exports is not only due to the self-initiative of a company, but also by the government. This is also confirmed by Gripsrud (1990) who suggests that the government of a country may believe their firms to think globally by expanding their service areas to foreign markets, due to the expectation of an increasing volume of exports from the country. Thus, it will jock the economy of that country.Furthermor e, OECD (2009) also analyzed motivations for small and medium-sized internationalization including growth motives, knowledge-related motives, network or stoical ties and domestic or regional market factors.4.1.1 Growth MotivesGrowth opportunities associated with international markets were identified as a key driver of firm internationalization in several recent studies (Orser et al., 2008), (Rundh, 2007), (Barnes et al., 2006), (Reynolds, 2007). The possibility of growth in other markets and increased profit opportunities from international expansion were highlighted as key stimuli for exporting. Firms overseas venturing decision also seems to be motivated by a need for business growth, profits, an increased market size, a stronger market position, and to reduce dependence on a single or small number of markets. The growth motives is very almost linked to maximizing returns and minimizing costs in purchasing, production and sales.4.1.2 Knowledge-related MotivesGarvey and Brennan (2 006) suggest that knowledge assets both push and pull SMEs into international markets. The push dimension pertains to the importance of managers forward international experience and related management capacity factors. There are also related findings on the internationalization triggering effects of knowledge aspects, including RD investment, innovation capabilities, unique product or technology, and language skills and firm resource base, as indicated by such proxies as size, age, and experience.4.1.3 Network or Social Ties and Supply Chain cogitateCamara and Simoes (2008) have highlighted the importance of network/social ties and supply chain links in triggering SMEs first internationalization step and extending internationalization processes. The research studies particularly inform the stimulating effect on export activity of firms soft assets, including social and network capital, some of which may have accrued through managers immigrant background and associated links.4.1.4 Domestic or Regional Market DriversThere is also support from recent relevant research (Lopez, 2007), (Staoian, 2006) on the push effects of firms limited or stagnating domestic market on internationalization behavior. The enterprise differed significantly in their export tendency, with export propensity increasing in regions with less favorable domestic conditions, local incentives to export and good export infrastructure. Recent evidence from Chile and Indonesia further suggest a greater tendency to export among firms from sectors characterized by high levels of export specialty and presence of foreign buyers. The Indonesian finding on the importance of foreign buyers presence is significant as it reinforces the earlier observed need to move on SMEs role in global value chains through facilitating their integration into production or supply systems of foreign affiliates of larger firms (OECD, 2008).4.2. Barriers to InternationalizationIn order to identify the term international ization with the main focus of the thesis, Coviello and McAuley (1999) stated that not only large organizations, but also small and medium sized organizations, can become global. In addition, they also state that the international expansion of an SME is certainly useful when it comes to contributing to the economic growth and prosperity of a country. However, one thing that should be remembered is that not every SME is ready to expand into international markets. Despite the fact that they have small or medium sized organizations, there must be some factors and limitations in terms of finding global market opportunities.There have been a number of studies which have focused on the barriers to internationalization (Leonidou, 1995 Campbell 1994 Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994, Morgan 1997). The barriers to internationalization can be categorized into five broad areas financial, managerial, market based (including both the domestic and international markets), industry specific and firm speci fic. It is widely acknowledged that barriers to internationalization can exist at any stage in the internationalization process (Morgan, 1997). Furthermore, the perception of the barriers can vary in intensity depending on the degree of internationalization of the individual firm (Burton and Schlegeliclch, 1987 Cavusgil, 1984 Kedia and Chhokar, 1986 Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994).4.2.1 Financial BarriersLimitations in finance and related physical resources have continued to be highlighted as a leading barrier to the internationalization of SMEs. It including financial barriers in general (Campbell, 1994 Burpitt Rondinelli, 2000), resource availability ( Karagozoglu Lindell, 1998), cost of operating overseas (Bilkey, 1978), and limited access to capital and realisation ( Buckley, 1989 Coviello McAuley, 1999). The pertinent evidence include the observed disadvantages faced by enterprises international new ventures or early-stage SME exporters, relative to their more established count erparts, in regard to accessing operating and term loans and the terms thereof. Lack of capital requirements and other firm resources and limited access to key infrastructure were also reported by SMEs.4.2.2. Managerial BarriersDifficulties arising from limited managerial knowledge base emerge as a top barrier to SME internationalization in several recent surveys. Managerial barriers are including managerial attitudes (Andersson, 2000 Burpitt Rondinelli, 2000), lack of international experience and skills (Karagozoglu Lindell), limited management time (Coviello McAuley, 1999 Buckley, 1989), commitment, and partnership difficulties. Managerial risk perceptions and lac

Natural Religion Versus Revealed Religion Philosophy Essay

Natural Religion Versus Revealed Religion Philosophy EssayDialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a religious philosophic run low of the stinting philosopher David Hume.It is ab turn up the fight the three characters of Cleanthes, Philo and Demea about the nature of Gods existence. Hume began the process of dialogue later than in 1750, it was published nevertheless in 1779.Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, religion, philosophical works of David Hume, were published posthumously 1779.The work is written as a fictional dialogue between the three main characters Cleanthes, Philo and Demea. Cleanthes argues for the existence of God.He stresses the teleological sense, for example, that the publics effectiveness suggests an intelligent designer. Demea can rather be characterized as a mystic, who claims that God is beyond reason.The main reason for that belief is an internal feeling or certainty.How perpetually, Demea is trying, at one storey, to defend a version of the cosmolog ical proof of God. Philo is the most freethinkeral of the three, and probably the most often seems to reflect the Humes own point of view, as described in Humes Dialogues as Philosophy of Science.Conversations about religion in the Dialogue concerning Natural Religion, is the literature on philosophy by the Scottish philosopher David Hume.The publication consults together with three characters- Demea, Philo and Cleanthes, the nature of religion and the existence of God.They all agree that God exists, but disagree on the nature and properties, and that they can ever gain knowledge of the gods.Among the things they talk about is the design rationale for the existence of God. Hume started writing the Dialogues on religion in 1750, but did not finish with them until 1776, curtly before he died.The publication is based in part on the publication of Cicero De Natura Deorum (On the nature of the Gods).Conversations about religion came to Hume, after he died in 1779.3. construct a comple te account of the Argument from Design as stated by Cleanthes.In part I, the skepticism is discussed, which is made strong by Philo.Cleanthes, however, rejects the orbiculate skepticism because it was not for pragmatic reasons, could be represented.In Part II to VIII, the argument was put forward by Cleanthes, as the argument from design was discussed. Cleanthes believes that the world has similarity with the products of human activity and could be seen as a great machine.Since similar effects could also lead to similar effects, it is permissible to infer by analogy that God to the man is similar.God is a kind of exaggerated human being is, however, better and probably also was distinguished by the universal attributes of immortality, omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence.Thus, represented by Cleanthes anthropomorphism is criticized by the other two severely and extensively.Demea calls for the incomprehensibility of God, pointing to the weak nature of the human spirit, which is composed of variable andPhilo designs also a hanker list of alternative conclusions, and describes the world that could not be excluded by Cleanthes his argument still leaves many gods instead of one, also could the world be regarded as hot as an animal, which enables a completely different description of God.He also puts forward a variant of the theory of nature, passes after a series of bounded worlds to each other the momentum of change.In this theory, he is already approaching the Hume to as yet unknown theory of evolution.Cleanthes can be traced from Philo provoking presentations and throws out any of his theories of the world, which were produced exactly as it is of necessity.This philosophy applies, however, against the design argument for which this is true either.At the end of Part VIII, he claimed that there was the reluctance of any appeal, the only tenable position, as stated in How David Humes Critique of the Design Argument Survives for Three Centuries.Two of the e xperts involved in the dialogues represent two major trends of the deoxycytidine monophosphate of Enlightenment in the discussion of innate religion one, Cleanthes, is a deist, a theist or perhaps better, not only argues for the existence of God but also ofHis providence, the other Demea, is a defender of orthodox Christianity.The third, Philo is the fencing of the skeptical point of view.The theist Cleanthes claims arrogantly that the power of human reason is sufficient to reach, lottery on the experience of the world and the logic of the arguments, the authors knowledge of the universe.The orthodox Demea insists, that it is not the strength, but the weakness of a man, and his reason which brings us to the infinity of God and his mysteries.The skeptic Philo sometimes slyly encourages optimism for the Cleanthes and other pessimism of Demea, thus provoking the confrontation between the two.This strategy paves the way to defending their thesis of the triumph of moderate skepticis m concerning natural religion.

Nomos vs. Physis in Sophocles’Antigone and the Modern World Essay

Nomos vs. Physis in SophoclesAntigone and the Modern WorldThe Hellenic play, Antigone, written by Sophocles in the year 441 BCE, honors the Greek god of wine, Dionysus. It is hard to imagine that a play, written century ago for an imaginary god, would still be widely popular and have great deduction in todays world. Using two main characters, Antigone and Creon, Sophocles creates a dialogue that examines two very different views of nomos (law) and physis (nature), the focal point of all Greek beliefs. These two equipment casualty were often the key in deciding what was considered right and wrong among the Greeks, and people still use nomos and physis in todays beau monde centuries later. Throughout Antigone, Creon and Antigone use nomos and physis to defend their actions interpreted when Antigone breaks a law made by Creon, because she feels it impedes upon the unwritten laws of the gods, much like anti gay advocates defend their stance on protecting the sanctity of marriage, t emporary hookup gay activists oppose it because it violates their fundamental constitutional rights. Using Creon and Antigone, Sophocles illustrates the way that nomos and physis support their opposing viewpoints. When Antigones two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, kill each other in battle, Creon, her uncle, succeeds to the throne. Once in power, he makes a law that no one can bury Polyneices because he was un-loyal to his native land. If anyone defied his new law by burying him, then the culprit would be killed and left unburied. However, Antigone felt that both of her brothers should have a proper burial, and disobeyed Creons law by burying Polynneices knowing she would have to suffer the consequences. When brought before Creon, she defended her actions by means of phys... ... constitution. They believe that the law should not decide who people can love, and that it is a persons right to marry whomever they want. Therefore, the monetary value nomos and physis ar still used in todays society in similar ways to that of Creon and Antigone centuries ago. Even though Antigone was written centuries ago, the basic principles of nomos and physis can still be applied in todays world. The way that the two terms are interpreted will vary from person to person, and there is no right or wrong answer. As long as there are controversial issues in the world, peoples opinions of nomos and physis will continue to evolve and change through time. Works CitedSophocles. Antigone. Exploring Literature Writing and thinking About Fiction,Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc, 2001. 123-154.

Columbus: A Great Discoverer or Villain Essay -- Christopher Columbus

capital of Ohio A Great Discoverer or VillainA state of matteral holiday celebrating achievements of an individualist reflects a nations appreciation for that persons deeds. Christopher capital of Ohios Day is an official national holiday in the United States of America. However, a careful interrogation of capital of Ohio expeditions and his methods of settlement in the so-called New World should change the nations opinion about the necessity of the holiday. In my way of thinking, Columbus arrival to the Indies has brought destruction and death. His motives, such as prosperity by means of exploiting the native population, were im honorable, and therefore I cannot accept the idea of celebrating Columbus Day as a internal Holiday.Columbus is credited with finding the new world, but did he really discover it? In my opinion, it is not assertable to discover disembark that was already there, occupied by native throng. When Columbus claimed to be a founder of the new land, he did n ot fetch in consideration a very important aspect about the existing civilization, its customs and traditions that were practiced in that area for thousands of years. Blinded by the idea of prosperity, he ignored the moral beliefs and introduced slavery as a compensation of promised numerous amounts of gold to the Spanish sovereigns. Irving Rouse, the author of the book Tainos, states When the crown complained about the lack of income from the colony, Columbus sent a shipload of captives to Spain to be sold as slaves in a desperate attempt to satisfy that complaint (Rouse p.151). This serves as a perfective aspect compositors case of how misfortunate he thought of natives, not taking in consideration their right to live. Having established goldmines throughout the colony, Columbus found it necessary to take advantage of a local population, Tainos, as means of a cheap labor that was needed for work in goldmines. Rouse states When Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola in the summer of 1498, he placated Roldan by authorizing him to seize Indians in the chiefdom of Xaragua and divide them among his followers to use as forced laborers at the goldfields. (p.153) In his point of view, Taino people deserved to be treated in such a manner, because they constantly rebelled against his rule, not realizing the fact that he was the one that intruded their way of life and caused so many innocent people to suffer. The re... ... point where we rise now. My opponents have tendency to glorify our nation despite the fact that it was build on suffering and quenching of almost entire civilization. In conclusion, I would akin to point out the misinterpretation of Columbus actions during the settlement in North America. His arrival to the New World brought along destruction and death. Columbus, by and by failing to comply with his promise to the King and Queen about increasing their revenues by bringing enormous amounts of gold, introduced the idea of slavery. He als o became responsible for extinction of Taino population by forcing them to work in goldmines. Refusing to give up after several attempts to prosper from the discovered land and obvious lack of administrative efficacy causes even much devastating results described as genocide. After what I have said, the question, whether or not Columbus Day should be a interior(a) Holiday in the United States, should not be an issue, since honoring the man who is responsible for elimination of the whole race would be a sin. Such an example of misleading National Holiday left me with a doubtful feeling about the origin of the rest Columbus A Great Discoverer or Villain Essay -- Christopher Columbus Columbus A Great Discoverer or VillainA national holiday celebrating achievements of an individual reflects a nations appreciation for that persons deeds. Christopher Columbuss Day is an official national holiday in the United States of America. However, a careful examination of Columb us expeditions and his methods of settlement in the so-called New World should change the nations opinion about the necessity of the holiday. In my way of thinking, Columbus arrival to the Indies has brought destruction and death. His motives, such as prosperity by means of exploiting the native population, were immoral, and therefore I cannot accept the idea of celebrating Columbus Day as a National Holiday.Columbus is credited with finding the new world, but did he really discover it? In my opinion, it is not possible to discover land that was already there, occupied by native people. When Columbus claimed to be a founder of the new land, he did not take in consideration a very important aspect about the existing civilization, its customs and traditions that were practiced in that area for thousands of years. Blinded by the idea of prosperity, he ignored the moral beliefs and introduced slavery as a compensation of promised numerous amounts of gold to the Spanish sovereigns. Irvin g Rouse, the author of the book Tainos, states When the crown complained about the lack of income from the colony, Columbus sent a shipload of captives to Spain to be sold as slaves in a desperate attempt to satisfy that complaint (Rouse p.151). This serves as a perfect example of how low he thought of natives, not taking in consideration their right to live. Having established goldmines throughout the colony, Columbus found it necessary to take advantage of a local population, Tainos, as means of a cheap labor that was needed for work in goldmines. Rouse states When Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola in the summer of 1498, he placated Roldan by authorizing him to seize Indians in the chiefdom of Xaragua and divide them among his followers to use as forced laborers at the goldfields. (p.153) In his point of view, Taino people deserved to be treated in such a manner, because they constantly rebelled against his rule, not realizing the fact that he was the one that intruded t heir way of life and caused so many innocent people to suffer. The re... ... point where we stand now. My opponents have tendency to glorify our nation despite the fact that it was build on suffering and extinction of almost entire civilization. In conclusion, I would like to point out the misinterpretation of Columbus actions during the settlement in North America. His arrival to the New World brought along destruction and death. Columbus, after failing to comply with his promise to the King and Queen about increasing their revenues by bringing enormous amounts of gold, introduced the idea of slavery. He also became responsible for extinction of Taino population by forcing them to work in goldmines. Refusing to give up after several attempts to prosper from the discovered land and obvious lack of administrative ability causes even more devastating results described as genocide. After what I have said, the question, whether or not Columbus Day should be a National Holiday in the Un ited States, should not be an issue, since honoring the man who is responsible for elimination of the whole race would be a sin. Such an example of misleading National Holiday left me with a doubtful feeling about the origin of the rest

Literary Analysis :: Essays Papers

Literary Analysis Literature is much more then simply a compilation of words thrown down into a take that work together to make a story. Nearly every author that takes the time to write a book is looking to not only retell a story, but to put forth their own ideas and beliefs. In Dubliners, James Joyce uses the theme of escape and journey to show the conflict between the individual and ships company in Dublin. Although at first glance many of these themes are simply over looked, upon closer reading it is easy to see that the characters in Joyces novels fight down Ireland as a total. The both themes explained above are very prevalent in two stories, An Encounter and The Dead. These two themes are repeated ten-fold times in both these stories not as a mere coincidence, but as a carriage for Joyce to show his opinion on Irish culture during that period of time. The idea of needing to escape from society is most blatantly shown in An Encounter. The ent ire plot of the story is based round two boys secret trip out of their local community to explore other things that Ireland has to offer. Although the boys never leave Ireland, Joyce uses them as a representation of Ireland as a whole wanting to escape their everyday boring lives. The young boys dream about living lives in the Wild West filled with adventure and danger. Neither of the boys has travelled this far from home by themselves, and they are excited with the unknown they experience. This small trip just out of their local community is in a way their own adventure in Ireland. This same need for escape is also very prevalent in The Dead. Unlike in An Encounter, Joyce does not decide to make the characters physically leave on a journey. Instead he implies this through their dialogue and thoughts. Toward the beginning of the story, the two aunts discuss their fears that Freddy Malins is going to produce at the party drunk (176). The sisters fear that he is going to be a nuisance, and to do not want the other guests to feel uncomfortable around him.

Welfare to Work: A New Response to Poverty Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Professors Comments This student has done an outstanding job of fulfilling the requirements of the assignment in his analysis of the benefit to Work Program.Abstract This study defines pauperization, explains its causes and consequences on various systems, and traces our governmental response to this riddle from the New Deal efforts to the present system of welfare. Drawing from recent literature to examine specifically the efficacy of TANFs welfare to work (WtW) initiative, this writer focuses on the following (1) on the target population, single mothers and children, and (2) on how this initiative is affecting both this group and the overall problem of poverty. Also included are a discussion of the historical and contemporary issues regarding this initiative as well as implications for social work policy and practice. Welfare to Work under TANF A New Generation of Responses to Poverty Existing in all cultures and affecting people from many walks of life, especially single mo thers and children, poverty does not discriminate. What is poverty, then? Is it simply a condition, or does it create conditions that reach far beyond a simple social issue? In invest to understand these questions, one must begin with basic definitions. Poverty is technically broken into two categories absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty exists when a family cannot provide for its basic needs which include nutrition, clothing, and shelter. A measurement for this category is the poverty line, a calculation that is based on three times the kernel of a familys normal food budget. On the other hand, relative poverty measures economic status and compares it between families within the same geographical locale (Ka... ...y Longman, Inc.Egendorf, L. K. (1999). Poverty Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press.Evaluating Welfare Reform (1999, June 1). Retrieved from http//speakout.com.Karger, H. J. & Stoesz, D. (1998). American social welfare pol icy A pluralist approach (3rd ed.). New York Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.Reichert, D. (1998, July). TANF appropriations in state legislatures. interior(a) Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from http//www.ncsl.org/statefed/welfare/moememo.htm.Segal, E. & Brzuzy, S. (1998). Social welfare policy, programs, and practice. Itasca, IL F. E. Peackock Publishers, Inc.Trattner, W. (1999). From poor law to welfare state A history of social welfare in America (6th ed.). New York The Free Press.Vallianatos, C. (2001, October). Child support, cohabitating families studied. NASW News, 46(9), 12.